{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:32:20Z","timestamp":1793140340900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025520","name":"Medical Research Future Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA4147532024\/GR00016 3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA4147532024\/GR00016 3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025520","name":"Medical Research Future Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024253","name":"Western Australian Future Health and Innovation Fund, Government of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WANMAIdeas2025-25\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WANMAIdeas2025-25\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024253","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001771","name":"University of Newcastle","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1173163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1173163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:58:38Z","timestamp":1788278318000},"page":"119708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pull-forward and induced vaccination under time-limited mandates: Evidence from a low-coercion mandate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"408","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio I.","family":"Martinenghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1744-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesfin","family":"Genie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0366-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Attwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4630-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huong","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9518-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aregawi G.","family":"Gebremariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bette","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Paolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Blyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b1","series-title":"Western Australia Premier Signals Vaccine Requirement for School Leavers Is \u2018Strong Possibility\u2019","author":"ABC News","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b2","series-title":"Dunsborough Prepares for Vaccinated Leavers as Mandate Bars People from Entry","author":"ABC South West WA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.06.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of state-level vaccination mandates: Evidence from the varicella vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Abrevaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b4","article-title":"The effect of vaccine mandates on disease spread","author":"Acton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueae051","article-title":"Vaccination policy, delayed care, and health expenditures","author":"Aslim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b6","series-title":"COVID-19 vaccine roll-out: 21 october 2021","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b7","article-title":"Conditional cash lotteries increase COVID-19 vaccination rates","volume":"84","author":"Barber","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008684","article-title":"The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good","volume":"7","author":"Bardosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1086\/718512","article-title":"The ohio vaccine lottery and starting vaccination rates","volume":"8","author":"Brehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1162\/rest_a_00760","article-title":"Regression discontinuity designs using covariates","volume":"101","author":"Calonico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b11","series-title":"Incentives to Vaccinate","author":"Campos-Mercade","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16645-0","article-title":"West australian parents\u2019 views on vaccinating their children against COVID-19: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"Carlson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.12.021","article-title":"Does a major change to a COVID-19 vaccine program alter vaccine intention? a qualitative investigation","volume":"40","author":"Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b14","series-title":"Parents Fighting to Hold Back Their Child from Starting School in Wa Forced to Consider Drastic Action","author":"Carmody","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b15","series-title":"Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccines for Wa Fifo and Mining Workers, School Leavers","author":"Carmody","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b16","first-page":"95","article-title":"Direct and spillover effects of middle school vaccination requirements","volume":"11","author":"Carpenter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Econ. J.: Econ. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-economics-051520-021409","article-title":"Regression discontinuity designs","volume":"14","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3153","article-title":"The effect of state insurance mandates on infant immunization rates","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1353\/bsp.2016.0014","article-title":"Default clinic appointments promote influenza vaccination uptake without a displacement effect","volume":"2","author":"Chapman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavioral Science & Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b20","article-title":"The impact of provincial proof-of-vaccination policies on age-specific first-dose uptake","volume":"42","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b21","series-title":"Direct and Indirect Effects of Vaccines: Evidence from COVID-19","author":"Freedman","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-097412","article-title":"Impact of vaccine mandates and removals on COVID-19 vaccine uptake in australia and international comparators: a study protocol","volume":"15","author":"Gebremariam","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b23","series-title":"Wa\u2019s safe transition plan","author":"Government of Western Australia","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b24","series-title":"Wa\u2019s border opening from thursday 3 March 2022","author":"Government of Western Australia","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00183","article-title":"Identification and estimation of treatment effects with a regression-discontinuity design","volume":"69","author":"Hahn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.01.002","article-title":"Effectiveness of vaccination recommendations versus mandates: Evidence from the hepatitis a vaccine","volume":"52","author":"Lawler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.005","article-title":"Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A density test","volume":"142","author":"McCrary","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Econometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4923","article-title":"The dynamic and heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the usa","volume":"34","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.1.103","article-title":"Doing it now or later","volume":"89","author":"O\u2019Donoghue","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b30","series-title":"Wa\u2019s COVID-19 Vaccine Roll-Out","author":"Office of the Auditor General, WA","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b31","series-title":"Education act 1990 (nsw)","author":"Parliament of New South Wales","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b32","series-title":"11to12 Circulars - Edition 4 2021","author":"School Curriculum and Standards Authority","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b33","series-title":"Leavers: The biggest graduation celebration for year 12s in the dunsborough area","author":"Schoolies.com","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b34","series-title":"Australia to pass 80% vaccination target today, pm says; wa reopening roadmap revealed","author":"Staff and Agencies","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b35","series-title":"Faq: About leavers wa","author":"Tribe Travel","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b36","series-title":"COVID-19 update 10 november 2021","author":"WA Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b37","series-title":"Fact sheet: COVID-19 case numbers as of 6 october 2021","author":"WA Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b38","series-title":"COVID-19 pheoc bulletin #85: Case and vaccination numbers as of 26 october 2021","author":"WA Department of Health, PHEOC","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b39","series-title":"School leavers required to show proof of COVID-19 vaccination","author":"WA Department of Health, PHEOC","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b40","series-title":"First for COVID-19 vaccine and vaccination hubs in WA","author":"WA Government","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b41","series-title":"Mandatory vaccinations for dunsborough school leavers event","author":"WA Government","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b42","series-title":"COVID-19 Update November 1 2021. New COVID-19 Cases Reported in WA: 0","author":"Western Australia Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b43","series-title":"COVID-19 update 13 december 2021","author":"Western Australia Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b44","series-title":"New COVID-19 Cases Reported in WA: 0","article-title":"COVID-19 update 25 2021","author":"Western Australia Department of Health","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b45","series-title":"Enrolment in public schools policy","author":"Western Australian Department of Education","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708_b46","series-title":"Enrol at a western australian school","author":"Western Australian Department of Education","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Social Science &amp; Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626007859?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626007859?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:32:00Z","timestamp":1793136720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626007859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0277953626007859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pull-forward and induced vaccination under time-limited mandates: Evidence from a low-coercion mandate","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119708","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119708"}}