{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:35:53Z","timestamp":1793136953907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:41:08Z","timestamp":1788795668000},"page":"119790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Does menstrual cycle tracking enhance female athlete health and performance? Evaluating five implicit assumptions of an emerging paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"408","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4966-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith W.","family":"Reiches","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"DiMarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine M.N.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine S.","family":"Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0161-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheree","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Boulicault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Caroline","family":"Danielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah S.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/phpe.12046","article-title":"Turning up the lights on gaslighting","volume":"28","author":"Abramson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Perspect."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30145-7","article-title":"Amenorrhoea in adolescent female athletes","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0461-1","article-title":"Relationship of the menstrual cycle phase to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in teenaged female athletes","volume":"128","author":"Adachi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.09.005","article-title":"Do fertility tracking applications offer women useful information about their fertile window?","volume":"42","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2481","article-title":"Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign","volume":"118","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib6","first-page":"19","article-title":"Periodicity of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the menstrual cycle","volume":"5","author":"Arendt","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Gender-Specific"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954120916073","article-title":"Australian female athlete perceptions of the challenges associated with training and competing when menstrual symptoms are present","volume":"15","author":"Armour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.2021-0044","article-title":"The myth of load management: sleep and recovery in the women's national basketball association","volume":"39","author":"Barnes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sociol. Sport J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514540862","article-title":"The effects of level of competition, sport, and sex on the incidence of first-time noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"42","author":"Beynnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib11","article-title":"Tracking work from the wrist: the surveillance of Ethiopian women athletes for capital","volume":"7","author":"Borenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091513","article-title":"Establishing a gold standard for quantitative menstrual cycle monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Bouchard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib14","first-page":"289","article-title":"The femtech paradox: how workplace monitoring threatens women's equity","volume":"61","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jurimetrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0522","article-title":"Self-reported menstrual health, symptomatology, and perceived effects of the menstrual cycle for elite junior and senior football players","volume":"19","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib13","article-title":"BJSM app review: Fitrwoman","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJSM Blog"},{"issue":"10384","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00736-5","article-title":"Women's health, Inc","volume":"401","author":"Bruch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149881","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of heavy menstrual bleeding (Menorrhagia) in elite and non-elite athletes","volume":"11","author":"Bruinvels","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096279","article-title":"Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research?","volume":"51","author":"Bruinvels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541251361218","article-title":"Tailoring support to the female athlete: a cross-sectional online survey to observe current practices in high performance sport","volume":"21","author":"Carmichael","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541251333888","article-title":"Menstrual cycle monitoring in applied sport settings: a scoping review","volume":"20","author":"Carmichael","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041667","article-title":"The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes' performance: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Carmichael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01671-6","article-title":"Tracking women's reproductive data in sport: practical limitations, perils and pitfalls","volume":"52","author":"Casto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib23","series-title":"Period: the Real Story of Menstruation","author":"Clancy","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7500","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/509282a","article-title":"Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies","volume":"509","author":"Clayton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001215","article-title":"Menstruation in girls and adolescents using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign","volume":"126","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076710","article-title":"Marketing empowerment: how corporations co-opt feminist narratives to promote non-evidence based health interventions","author":"Copp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1123\/wspaj.2021-0028","article-title":"\u201cInvisible sportswomen\u201d: the sex data gap in sport and exercise science research","volume":"29","author":"Cowley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women Sport Phys. Activ J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108812","article-title":"Limitations of athlete-exposures as a construct for comparisons of injury rates by gender\/sex: a narrative review","volume":"59","author":"Danielsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib29","series-title":"The Doctor \u201cEmpowering\u201d England Women to Success","author":"Dawkins","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95960-1","article-title":"Modelling menstrual cycle length in athletes using state-space models","volume":"11","author":"De Paula Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh033","article-title":"Physiological aspects and clinical sequelae of energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism in exercising women","volume":"10","author":"De Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/physiologia3040044","article-title":"Menstrual cycle tracking in sports research: challenges, progress, and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Dole","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70254","article-title":"Gendering the menstrual cycle in behavioral neuroendocrinology","volume":"38","author":"Duchesne","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0287","article-title":"On-Field methodological approach to monitor the menstrual cycle and hormonal phases in elite female athletes","volume":"18","author":"Dupuit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8","article-title":"Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: a working guide for standards of practice for research on women","volume":"51","author":"Elliott-Sale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01435-8","article-title":"Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: a working guide for standards of practice for research on women","volume":"51","author":"Elliott-Sale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138015","article-title":"The ecological context of human ovarian function","volume":"8","author":"Ellison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib38","article-title":"Sexual dimorphisms in anterior cruciate ligament injury: a current concepts review","volume":"9","author":"Ellison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0224-x","article-title":"The challenge of applying and undertaking research in female sport","volume":"5","author":"Emmonds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.3390\/app14083361","article-title":"Precision sports science: what is next for data analytics for athlete performance and well-being optimization?","volume":"14","author":"Exel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.02.011","article-title":"Where biomedicalisation and magic meet: therapeutic innovations of elite sports injury in British professional football and cycling","volume":"178","author":"Faulkner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib42","series-title":"Women's Sports, Athletes Losing Their Periods Was Long Considered Normal. Not Anymore","author":"Feringa","year":"2025"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101486","article-title":"How the menstrual cycle and menstruation affect sporting performance: experiences and perceptions of elite female rugby players","volume":"54","author":"Findlay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib44","unstructured":"FitrWoman. (n.d.-a). Mobile App Features. Retrieved July 14, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260725163932\/https:\/\/www.fitrwoman.com\/product\/mobile-app-features."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib45","unstructured":"FitrWoman. (n.d.-b). Coach Platform. Retrieved July 14, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260725170537\/https:\/\/www.fitrwoman.com\/product\/coach-platform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib46","unstructured":"FitrWoman. (n.d.-c). Our Mission. Retrieved July 25, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260725171406\/https:\/\/www.fitrwoman.com\/about-us\/our-mission."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib47","unstructured":"FitrWoman. (n.d.-d). Landing Page. Retrieved July 25, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260725172039\/https:\/\/www.fitrwoman.com\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib48","unstructured":"FitrWoman. (n.d.-e). Mobile App. Retrieved July 25, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260725184336\/https:\/\/www.fitrwoman.com\/product\/mobile-app."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib49","article-title":"Hormonal advantage: retracing exploitative histories of workplace menstrual tracking","volume":"7","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1586\/17474108.4.2.179","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and economic burden of abnormal uterine bleeding","volume":"4","author":"Fraser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00098","article-title":"Plausibility of menstrual cycle apps claiming to support conception","volume":"6","author":"Freis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib52","article-title":"Bloating, heavy legs, and fatigue: sport, menstrual tracking apps and more-than-hormonal bodies","author":"Friedlander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Inq."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib53","first-page":"360","article-title":"Changes in proprioceptive control in the menstrual cycle: a risk factor for injuries? A proof-of-concept study","volume":"13","author":"Frizziero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Ligaments and Tendons Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231179197","article-title":"The visible body and the invisible organization: information asymmetry and college athletics data","volume":"10","author":"Greene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Big Data & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3138\/ijfab-2021-03-22","article-title":"Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain: an ethical analysis of the monetization of menstruation app data","volume":"14","author":"Gross","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-36763-0","article-title":"The influence of the menstrual cycle on muscle injuries\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Guthardt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01451-8","article-title":"Integrating transwomen and female athletes with differences of sex development (DSD) into elite competition: the FIMS 2021 consensus statement","volume":"51","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(01)00261-6","article-title":"Current methods of the U.S. preventive services task force","volume":"20","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib59","article-title":"Commercial co-opting of feminist health narratives","volume":"q314","author":"Hawkes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020150","article-title":"Role of the menstrual cycle on performance and injury risk: a survey of female professional rugby players in the United Kingdom","volume":"21","author":"Hayward","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00346764.2021.2018027","article-title":"Tales of self-empowerment through digital health technologies: a closer look at \u2018Femtech.\u2019","volume":"80","author":"Hendl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Econ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib62","article-title":"The effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptives on ACL injuries and laxity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Herzberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312719858697","article-title":"Data as promise: reconfiguring Danish public health through personalized medicine","volume":"49","author":"Hoeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Stud. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-023-10333-9","article-title":"Ethical risks of systematic menstrual tracking in sport","volume":"21","author":"Howe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. bioeth. Inq."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1475348","article-title":"Can apps and calendar methods predict ovulation with accuracy?","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1828615","article-title":"Periodisation: tailoring training based on the menstrual cycle may work in theory but can they be used in practice?","volume":"4","author":"Julian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science and Medicine in Football"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2016.1251633","article-title":"Tracking U.S. professional athletes: the ethics of biometric technologies","volume":"17","author":"Karkazis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Bioeth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib68","series-title":"Sex Hormones, Exercise and Women","first-page":"519","article-title":"The future of sport and exercise science research in the female athlete","author":"Kelly","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib69","series-title":"How Tracking their Periods Helped USA Women's Soccer Team Win the World Cup","author":"Kindelan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.08.008","article-title":"Follicular phase of menstrual cycle is related to higher tendency to suffer from severe injuries among elite female futsal players","volume":"52","author":"Lago-Fuentes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib71","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Law","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/sports14050173","article-title":"\u201cEvery woman has a different cycle and feels differently\u201d: a qualitative study of athlete-centred perspectives on menstrual cycle symptoms and management in female endurance sports","volume":"14","author":"Liebrenz","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib73","series-title":"In Sync: How Female Athletes Use the Oura and Natural Cycles Integration to Optimize their Performance","author":"Lomas","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.920528","article-title":"Quantified sex: a critical analysis of sexual and reproductive self-tracking using apps","volume":"17","author":"Lupton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1086\/738995","article-title":"Investment feminism and women's health","volume":"51","author":"Marsella","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib76","article-title":"Injury incidence across the menstrual cycle in international footballers","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043264","article-title":"Menstrual cycle and sport injuries: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Fortuny","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106386","article-title":"Position statement: IOC framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination on the basis of gender identity and sex variations","volume":"57","author":"Martowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01319-3","article-title":"The effects of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance in eumenorrheic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"McNulty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000917","article-title":"Evidence for periodizing strength and\/or endurance training according to menstrual cycle phases to optimize female athlete performance is lacking","volume":"47","author":"Mikkonen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Strength Condit. J."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02338-8","article-title":"Monitoring menstrual health in footballers: considerations for tracking menstrual and hormonal contraceptive cycles in the field to support performance","volume":"56","author":"Mikkonen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib83","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward the menstrual cycle and menstruation among elite African women football players, coaches, health personnel, and referees","volume":"32","author":"Mkumbuzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women Sport Phys. Activ J."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104202","article-title":"Out of sight, out of mind: the invisibility of female African athletes in sports and exercise medicine research","volume":"55","author":"Mkumbuzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001444","article-title":"Evaluation of smartphone menstrual cycle tracking applications using an adapted APPLICATIONS scoring system","volume":"127","author":"Moglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106994","article-title":"2023 International olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs)","volume":"57","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093502","article-title":"The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad\u2014relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)","volume":"48","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2024.191.07","article-title":"Effects of menstrual cycle phases on elasticity index in female soccer players","volume":"19","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Aloy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00185.x","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball","volume":"8","author":"Myklebust","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10173","article-title":"Relationship between muscle flexibility and characteristics of muscle contraction in healthy women during different menstrual phases","volume":"25","author":"Nagahori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physical Therapy Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/sports14010007","article-title":"Advancing women's performance in fitness and sports: an exploratory field study on hormonal monitoring and menstrual cycle-tailored training strategies","volume":"14","author":"Nagorna","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib91","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics at the Center for Disease Control. (n.d.). Contraceptive Use. Retrieved May 22, 2025, from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/contraceptive.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/01937235261424379","article-title":"Eternal wound, performance enhancement, or minor inconvenience?: managing the menstrual cycle in olympic weightlifting","author":"Nelson","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sport Soc. Issues"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02411-w","article-title":"An overarching conceptual framework for menstrual health in sport research: theory, causality and validation","volume":"56","author":"Oester","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib95","unstructured":"Orreco. (n.d). About Us. Retrieved July 24, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260724200451\/https:\/\/www.orreco.ai\/about-us."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib96","unstructured":"Orreco.ai. (n.d.). Orreco.ai. Empowering women to own their performance. Retrieved July 16, 2026, from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260724200725\/https:\/\/www.orreco.ai\/modules\/womens-performance."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103173","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament injury: towards a gendered environmental approach","volume":"55","author":"Parsons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00639-8","article-title":"Menstrual cycle associated alteration of vastus Lateralis motor unit function","volume":"9","author":"Piasecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2021-001273","volume":"8","author":"Pigozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.09.010","article-title":"Alterations of postural control across the menstrual cycle \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Pohle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134473","article-title":"Ovulation prevalence in women with spontaneous normal-length menstrual cycles \u2013 a population-based cohort from HUNT3, Norway","volume":"10","author":"Prior","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanogw.2025.100001","article-title":"The menstrual cycle: a vital sign across the lifespan","volume":"1","author":"Rosen Vollmar","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology, & Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0786-0","article-title":"Are oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female recreational skiers?","volume":"17","author":"Ruedl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094758","article-title":"Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Saw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104895","article-title":"How to study the menstrual cycle: practical tools and recommendations","volume":"123","author":"Schmalenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib106","series-title":"GRADE Handbook","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib107","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dose\u2013response in elite soccer: preliminary insights from menstrual-cycle tracking during the FIFA women's world cup 2019","author":"Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0150-9","article-title":"Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete","volume":"2","author":"Seshadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"issue":"502","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib109","first-page":"359","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of symptoms of menstrual loss in the community","volume":"54","author":"Shapley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract.: J. Roy. Coll. Gen. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib110","first-page":"275","article-title":"The menstrual cycle, sex hormones, and anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"37","author":"Slauterbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.18.00198","article-title":"The menstrual cycle may affect anterior knee laxity and the rate of anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Somerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2020.04.005","article-title":"A prospective study of sport injuries in youth females","volume":"44","author":"Sommerfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib113","series-title":"Women's Sports Foundation","article-title":"Chasing equity: the triumphs, challenges, and opportunities in sports for girls and women","author":"Staurowsky","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib114","article-title":"Power cycle: could tracking periods help female athletes break records?","author":"Steinmark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Observer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib115","unstructured":"The female ACL: Why is it More Prone to Injury? - PMC. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2023, from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4805849\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1166210","article-title":"Reimagining the cycle: interaction in self-tracking period apps and menstrual empowerment","volume":"5","author":"Tylstedt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib117","series-title":"2017 Fifpro Global Employment Report: Working Conditions in Professional Women's Football","author":"Van Seggelen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2025-002769","article-title":"UEFA consensus statement on menstrual cycle tracking in women's football","volume":"11","author":"Verhagen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23663","article-title":"Recognizing normal reproductive biology: a comparative analysis of variability in menstrual cycle biomarkers in German and Bolivian women","volume":"33","author":"Vitzthum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib120","article-title":"Why are So many teen girls still tearing their A.C.L.s?","author":"Welch","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Y. Times Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28 Wellness, LLC. (2025). 28. 28. https:\/\/28.co\/.","DOI":"10.33196\/bbl202501002803"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112469930","article-title":"Accuracy of calendar-based methods for assigning menstrual cycle phase in women","volume":"5","author":"Wideman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib123","article-title":"\u201cJust\u201d a painful period: a philosophical perspective review of the dismissal of menstrual pain","volume":"20","author":"Wiggleton-Little","year":"2024","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib124","unstructured":"Wild Technologies AI Limited. (n.d.). Wild.AI - Train, fuel and recover with your female physiology. Retrieved June 2, 2025, from https:\/\/www.wild.ai\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300020601","article-title":"The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women as determined by hormone levels","volume":"30","author":"Wojtys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib126","article-title":"Period tracker applications: what menstrual cycle information are they giving women?","volume":"17","author":"Worsfold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182267f43","article-title":"Scientific evidence underlying the American college of obstetricians and gynecologists' practice bulletins","volume":"118","author":"Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L10057","article-title":"Work and family stress is associated with menstrual disorders but not with fibrocystic changes: cross-sectional findings in Chinese working women","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"}],"container-title":["Social Science & Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626008671?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0277953626008671?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:29:43Z","timestamp":1793136583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0277953626008671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0277953626008671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790","relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-9536"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-9536","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Does menstrual cycle tracking enhance female athlete health and performance? Evaluating five implicit assumptions of an emerging paradigm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science & Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119790","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119790"}}