{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:36:02Z","timestamp":1773293762385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T09:55:24Z","timestamp":1244195724000},"page":"90-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Deep Brain Stimulation for Pediatric Movement Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Warren A.","family":"Marks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Honeycutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryann","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2009.00183.x","article-title":"Neuromodulation in dystonia: Current aspects of deep brain stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Capelle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21506","article-title":"Opposite effects of internal globus pallidus stimulation on pallidal neurons activity","volume":"22","author":"Pralong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000068963","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia in adults: Overview and developments","volume":"78","author":"Krauss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000214237.58321.c3","article-title":"Normalizing motor-related brain activity: Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"66","author":"Grafton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn083","article-title":"The sensory and motor representation of synchronized oscillations in the globus pallidus in patients with primary dystonia","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.01.001","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the globus pallidus to treat dystonia: Electrophysiological characteristics and 2 years' follow-up in 10 patients","volume":"152","author":"Magarinos-Ascone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib7","first-page":"149","article-title":"A putative generalized model of the effects and mechanism of action of high frequency electrical stimulation of the central nervous system","volume":"105","author":"Benabid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.9.1281","article-title":"Acute deep-brain stimulation of the internal and external globus pallidus in primary dystonia: Functional mapping of the pallidum","volume":"64","author":"Houeto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90062-4","article-title":"Effect of Parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation","volume":"345","author":"Limousin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib10","first-page":"S89","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency induced juvenile Parkinson's syndrome: Treatment with deep brain stimulation","volume":"64","author":"Marks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21039","article-title":"Patient selection and assessment recommendations for deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Mink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.135715","article-title":"Avoiding deep brain stimulation failures in Tourette syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Okun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.095380","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in childhood: An effective treatment for early onset idiopathic generalized dystonia","volume":"92","author":"Parr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib15","first-page":"S123","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for childhood onset dystonias at Cook Children's Medical Center, a community based pediatric hospital","volume":"64","author":"Marks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-3016","article-title":"The task force on childhood movement disorders","volume":"118","author":"Sanger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib17","first-page":"101","article-title":"Dystonia genotypes, phenotypes, and classification","volume":"94","author":"Bressman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Advances Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.4.0785","article-title":"Chronic stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for treatment of non-dYT-1 generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis: 2 year follow-up","volume":"98","author":"Krauss","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20510","article-title":"Stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for childhood-onset dystonia","volume":"20","author":"Zorzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn120","article-title":"Outcome predictors of pallidal stimulation in patients with primary dystonia: The role of disease duration","volume":"131","author":"Isaias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042187","article-title":"Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia","volume":"352","author":"Vidailhet","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20457","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation improves pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration","volume":"57","author":"Castelnau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21166","article-title":"Long-term benefit to pallidal deep brain stimulation in a case of dystonia secondary to pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"Krause","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.08.006","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for dystonia in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration","volume":"37","author":"Shields","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.118968","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration dystonia","volume":"93","author":"Isaac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21723","article-title":"Antero ventral internal pallidum stimulation improves behavioral disorders in Lesch-Hyhan disease","volume":"22","author":"Cif","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20665","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation to treat hyperkinetic symptoms of Cockayne syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Hebb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000100005","article-title":"Status dystonicus: Study of five cases","volume":"63","author":"Teive","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arquivos de Neuro Psiquiatria"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.4.0718","article-title":"Thalamic stimulation for choreiform movement disorders in children","volume":"92","author":"Thompson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/9\/0405","article-title":"A prospective blinded evaluation of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of secondary dystonia and primary torticollis syndromes","volume":"109","author":"Pretto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.73","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias","volume":"35","author":"Burke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162299000870","article-title":"Reliability and responsiveness of the Barry-Albright scale","volume":"41","author":"Barry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.9.873","article-title":"Improved scaling of the gross motor function measure for children with cerebral palsy: Evidence of reliability and validity","volume":"80","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808322668","article-title":"Pilot study on trihexyphenidyl in the treatment of dystonia in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"24","author":"Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.2.0189","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in patients with primary generalized dystonia: Long-term results","volume":"101","author":"Coubes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000143331.86101.5E","article-title":"Pallidal stimulation for dystonia","volume":"55","author":"Krause","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042187","article-title":"Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia","volume":"352","author":"Vidailhet","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70035-2","article-title":"Bilateral, pallidal deep brain stimulation in primary generalized dystonia: A prospective 3 year follow-up study","volume":"6","author":"Vidhailhet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200612020-00008","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of secondary dystonia","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267430.95106.ff","article-title":"Sixty hertz pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary torsion dystonia","volume":"69","author":"Alterman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.095380","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in childhood: An effective treatment for early onset idiopathic generalized dystonia","volume":"92","author":"Parr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(03)00023-8","article-title":"Habilitation and rehabilitation in epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Marks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000131663","article-title":"Stereotactic MRI in DYT1 dystonia: Focal signal abnormalities in the basal ganglia do not contraindicate deep brain stimulation","volume":"86","author":"Gavarini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000068962","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia: Surgical technique","volume":"78","author":"Coubes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20510","article-title":"Stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for childhood-onset dystonia","volume":"20","author":"Zorzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.488","article-title":"Microelectrode-guided implantation of deep brain stimulators into the globus pallidus internus for dystonia: Techniques, electrode locations, and outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Starr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib48","first-page":"144","article-title":"Accuracy and distortion of deep brain stimulation electrodes on postoperative MRI and CT. Zbl","volume":"69","author":"Pinsker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830169","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in intraoperative MRI environment\u2014Comparison of imaging techniques and electrode fixation methods","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib50","first-page":"71","article-title":"Electrode implantation for deep brain stimulation in dystonia: A fast spin-echo inversion-recovery sequence technique for direct stereotactic targeting of the GPI. Zbl","volume":"69","author":"Pinsker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Chir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000112430","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of implanted deep brain stimulators: Experience in a large series","volume":"86","author":"Larson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000325492.58799.35","article-title":"Reoperation for suboptimal outcomes after deep brain stimulation surgery","volume":"63","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267430.95106.ff","article-title":"Sixty hertz pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary torsion dystonia","volume":"69","author":"Alterman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib54","first-page":"153","article-title":"and the Functional Neurosurgery Study Group of the Italian Society of Neurosurgery: A survey of Italian cases of dystonia treated by deep brain stimulation","volume":"51","author":"Egidi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100003966","article-title":"Reducing hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation","volume":"32","author":"Constantoyannis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.081232","article-title":"Deep-brain stimulation: Long-term analysis of complications caused by hardware and surgery-experiences at a single centre","volume":"77","author":"Voges","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000134650.91974.1A","article-title":"Surgical and hardware related complication of subthalamic stimulation: A series of 160 procedures","volume":"63","author":"Lyons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071909109000254?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071909109000254?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T05:20:22Z","timestamp":1589865622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071909109000254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1071909109000254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2009.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9091","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}