{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:13:05Z","timestamp":1792620785567,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","sempedneurjnl.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]],"date-time":"2016-10-19T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1476891136000},"page":"189-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Pediatric Pain Measurement, Assessment, and Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Renee C.B.","family":"Manworren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Stinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Pain terms: A list with definitions and notes on usage","volume":"6","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib2","series-title":"Nursing Management of the Patient in Pain","author":"McCaffery","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib3","first-page":"2","article-title":"IASP definition of pain","volume":"2","year":"2001","journal-title":"IASP Newsletter"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.04.007","article-title":"Core outcome domains and measures for pediatric acute and chronic\/recurrent pain clinical trials: PedIMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"McGrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib5","unstructured":"American Pain Society. Assessment and Management of Children With Chronic Pain: A Position Statement From the American Pain Society. Available at: http:\/\/americanpainsociety.org\/uploads\/get-involved\/pediatric-chronic-pain-statement.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.016","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: A systematic review","volume":"152","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.04.009","article-title":"Predictive factors of chronic pediatric pain and disability: A Delphi poll","volume":"8","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib8","first-page":"5","article-title":"Psychometric issues in the measurement of pain","volume":"vol. 10","author":"Johnston","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib9","unstructured":"American Medical Association. Pain Management: Pediatric Pain Management. Available at: www.ama-cmeonline.com\/pain_mgmt\/printversion\/ama_painmgmt _m6.pdf."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment and management of pain in children","volume":"1","author":"Hester","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib11","series-title":"Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children","article-title":"Pain assessment and management","author":"Ball","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib12","first-page":"179","article-title":"Putting pain measurement into clinical practice","volume":"vol. 10","author":"Hester","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.08.014","article-title":"Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures for children and adolescents aged 3-18 years","volume":"127","author":"von Baeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.05.006","article-title":"Systematic review of the psychometric properties and feasibility of self-report pain measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents","volume":"125","author":"Stinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.03.002","article-title":"Three new datasets supporting use of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) for children\u02bcs self-reports of pain intensity","volume":"143","author":"von Baeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.04.011","article-title":"Comparative prospective evaluation of the responsiveness of single-item pediatric pain-intensity self-report scales and their uniqueness from negative affect in a hospital setting","volume":"11","author":"Connelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.12.010","article-title":"Validation of the numerical rating scale for pain intensity and unpleasantness in pediatric acute postoperative pain: Sensitivity to change over time","volume":"13","author":"Pag\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/16.6.783","article-title":"Assessment of sex differences in children\u02bcs and adolescents\u02bc self-reported pain from venipuncture","volume":"16","author":"Fowler-Kerry","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.07.002","article-title":"Evidence for the use of a numerical rating scale to assess the intensity of pediatric pain","volume":"13","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1168","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1609","article-title":"A systematic review of faces scales for the self-report of pain intensity in children","volume":"126","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(03)00162-3","article-title":"Clinically important changes in acute pain outcome measures: A validation study","volume":"25","author":"Farrar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9","article-title":"Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale","volume":"94","author":"Farrar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318203f495","article-title":"Do 0-10 numeric rating scores translate into clinically meaningful pain measures for children?","volume":"112","author":"Voepel-Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.12.008","article-title":"Validation and properties of the verbal numeric scale in children with acute pain","volume":"149","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2016.03.001","article-title":"American society for pain management nursing position statement: Prescribing and administering opioid doses based solely on pain intensity","volume":"17","author":"Pasero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2011.10.002","article-title":"Pain assessment in the patients unable to self-report: Position statement update","volume":"12","author":"Herr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib27","series-title":"Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT): Preliminary User\u02bcs Manual","author":"Savedra","year":"1989"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91079-X","article-title":"On the development of a multidimensional Dutch pain assessment tool for children","volume":"43","author":"Abu-Saad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)91056-6","article-title":"The Varni\/Thompson pediatric pain questionnaire: I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Varni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.08.025","article-title":"The Bath Adolescent Pain Questionnaire (BAPQ): Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of an instrument to assess the impact of chronic pain on adolescents","volume":"118","author":"Eccleston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib31","unstructured":"Northwestern University. PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System), National Institutes of Health grant U2C CA186878 01, 2016 http:\/\/www.healthmeasures.net\/resource-center\/about-us"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.5.729","article-title":"Assessment of acute pain and anxiety in children and adolescents by self-reports, observer reports, and a behavior checklist","volume":"52","author":"LeBaron","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.48.3.356","article-title":"Behavioral distress in children with cancer undergoing medical procedures: Developmental considerations","volume":"48","author":"Katz","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00171-9","article-title":"A new analogue scale for assessing children\u2019s pain: An initial validation study","volume":"64","author":"McGrath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200002000-00011","article-title":"Impact of recurrent and chronic pain on child and family daily functioning: A critical review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Palermo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01905.x","article-title":"Somatic complaints and their relationship to depressive symptoms in Swedish adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Larsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib37","first-page":"305","article-title":"Ratings scales to assess depression in school-aged children","volume":"46","author":"Kovacs","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Paedopsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00130-8","article-title":"Assessment of symptoms of DSM IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale","volume":"38","author":"Chorpita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326888chc2801_3","article-title":"The role of activity restrictions in the association between pain and depression: A study of pediatric patients with chronic pain","volume":"28","author":"Walters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/949187","article-title":"The effect of sleep deprivation on pain","volume":"9","author":"Kundermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker256","article-title":"Sleep and fatigue and the relationship to pain, disease activity and quality of life in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile dermatomyositis","volume":"50","author":"Butbul Aviel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.12.005","article-title":"Subjective sleep disturbances in adolescents with chronic pain: Relationship to daily functioning and quality of life","volume":"6","author":"Palermo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.14.1","article-title":"Validity of child sleep diary questionnaire among junior high school children","volume":"14","author":"Gaina","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/23.8.1d","article-title":"The Children\u02bcs Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): Psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children","volume":"23","author":"Owens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.08.001","article-title":"Do pain problems in young school children persist into early adulthood? A 13-year follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Brattberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-009-0180-9","article-title":"Developmental changes of the contingent negative variation in migraine and healthy children","volume":"11","author":"Siniatchkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"9859","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/16.1.39","article-title":"The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.12.002","article-title":"Functional assessment of pediatric pain patients: Psychometric properties of the functional disability inventory","volume":"121","author":"Claar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400423","article-title":"Primary juvenile fibromyalgia: Psychological adjustment, family functioning, coping, and functional disability","volume":"40","author":"Reid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj059","article-title":"Catastrophic thinking about pain is independently associated with pain severity, disability, and somatic complaints in school children and children with chronic pain","volume":"31","author":"Vervoort","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199902000-00003","article-title":"The PedsQL: Measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory","volume":"37","author":"Varni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21850","article-title":"Pain intensity variability and its relationship with quality of life in youths with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Tupper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/820407","article-title":"Social functioning and peer relationships in children and adolescents with chronic pain: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Forgeron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2034","article-title":"PedMIDAS: Development of a questionnaire to assess disability of migraines in children","volume":"57","author":"Hershey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00757.x","article-title":"Development of a patient-based grading scale for PedMIDAS","volume":"24","author":"Hershey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.04.005","article-title":"Systematic review of family functioning in families of children and adolescents with chronic pain","volume":"11","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1159\/000228238","article-title":"Migraine in children","volume":"7","author":"Vahlquist","year":"1955","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy"},{"issue":"suppl 136","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Migraine in school children","volume":"51","author":"Bille","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.07.004","article-title":"Stressor, perceived stress and recurrent pain in Swedish school children","volume":"65","author":"Alfv\u00e9n","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1704492.x","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep disorders in childhood and adolescence with headache: A case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Bruni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.1999.1901032.x","article-title":"Psychosocial factors in children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache: A controlled study and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Karwautz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00945.x","article-title":"Biopsychosocial correlates of headache: What predicts pediatric headache occurrence?","volume":"48","author":"Kr\u00f6ner-Herwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00540.x","article-title":"Headache in schoolchildren: Agreement between different sources of information","volume":"23","author":"Laurell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1997.3704240.x","article-title":"Headache diary in the diagnosis of childhood migraine","volume":"37","author":"Mets\u00e4honkala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.111006011.x","article-title":"The occurrence of recall bias in pediatric headache: A comparison of questionnaire and diary data","volume":"41","author":"van den Brink","year":"2001","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1985.0503167.x","article-title":"Headaches and stress in schoolchildren: An epidemiological study","volume":"5","author":"Passchier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.10.005","article-title":"A randomized trial of electronic versus paper pain diaries in children: Impact on compliance, accuracy, and acceptability","volume":"107","author":"Palermo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.05.006","article-title":"Systematic review of the psychometric properties and feasibility of self-report pain measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents","volume":"125","author":"Stinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000173371.54579.31","article-title":"E-Ouch: Usability testing of an electronic chronic pain diary for adolescents with arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Stinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181965578","article-title":"Comparing diary and retrospective reports of pain and activity restriction in children and adolescents with chronic pain conditions","volume":"25","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318257a13c","article-title":"Usability testing of a smartphone for accessing a web-based e-diary for self-monitoring of pain and symptoms in sickle cell disease","volume":"34","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.04.005","article-title":"Despite technical problems personal digital assistants outperform pen and paper when collecting patient diary data","volume":"60","author":"Dale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/915302","article-title":"Improving the assessment of pediatric chronic pain: Harnessing the potential of electronic diaries","volume":"14","author":"Stinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(02)00320-3","article-title":"Patient compliance with paper and electronic diaries","volume":"24","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj124","article-title":"Appraisal and coping with daily stressors by pediatric patients with chronic abdominal pain","volume":"32","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(10)97012-7","article-title":"Triggers of migraine and tension-type headache","volume":"97","author":"W\u00f6ber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/369541","article-title":"A qualitative review of the psychometric properties and feasibility of electronic headache diaries for children and adults: Where we are and where we need to go","volume":"18","author":"Stinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000171","article-title":"\u201cThere\u02bcs a Pain App for That\u201d: Review of patient-targeted smartphone applications for pain management","volume":"31","author":"Lalloo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.011","article-title":"Reference values for quantitative sensory testing in children and adolescents: Developmental and gender differences of somatosensory perception","volume":"149","author":"Blankenburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib81","series-title":"Handbook of Pediatric Chronic Pain: Current Science and Integrative Practice","first-page":"63","article-title":"Assessment tools in pediatric chronic pain: Reliability and validity","author":"Vetter","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/JPS.0000000000000051","article-title":"Translating the human genome to manage pediatric post-operative pain","volume":"4","author":"Manworren","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000236","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic testing for analgesic adverse effects: Pediatric case series","volume":"32","author":"Manworren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00314-1","article-title":"The faces pain scale-revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement","volume":"93","author":"Hicks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90018-9","article-title":"The faces pain scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties","volume":"41","author":"Bieri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib86","first-page":"386","article-title":"Content validity of an instrument to measure young children\u2019s perceptions of the intensity of their pain","volume":"1","author":"Beyer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/01460868109106349","article-title":"Measuring children\u2019s self-assessment of pain","volume":"5","author":"Abu-Saad","year":"1981","journal-title":"Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)91056-6","article-title":"The Varni\/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionaire. I. Chronic musculoskeletal pain in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Varni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.36.2.186","article-title":"Measurement of pain in juvenile chronic polyarthritis","volume":"36","author":"Scott","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib90","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib91","series-title":"CHEOPS: A behavioral scale for rating postoperative pain in children","first-page":"395","author":"McGrath","year":"1985"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.3.400","article-title":"Cross-validation of a composite pain scale for preschool children within 24 hours of surgery","volume":"87","author":"Suraseranivongse","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.05.012","article-title":"A prospective comparison of post-surgical behavioral pain scales in preschoolers highlighting the risk of false evaluations","volume":"145","author":"Bringer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2000.00530.x","article-title":"Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: A comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies","volume":"10","author":"Buttner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatric Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Jong A, Baartmans M, Bremer M, van Komen R, Middelkoop E, Tuinebreijervan W, von Loey N: Reliability, validity and clinical utility of three types of pain behavioural observation scales for young children with burns aged 0-5 years. Pain, 150 (3) (2010), pp. 561\u2013567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.06.016"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00239-0","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the COMFORT scale as a postoperative pain\u00a0instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants","volume":"84","author":"van Dijk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200501000-00019","article-title":"The COMFORT behavior scale: A tool for assessing pain and sedation in infants","volume":"105","author":"van Dijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.022","article-title":"Measurement of pain-like response to various NICU stimulants for high-risk infants","volume":"83","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Human Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib99","first-page":"53","volume":"5","author":"Krechel","year":"1995","journal-title":"CRIES: A new neonatal postoperative pain measurement score. initial testing of validity and reliability. Paediatric Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib100","first-page":"5","article-title":"The development of a clinical distress scale for ventilated newborn infants: Identification of pain and distress based on validated scores","volume":"2","author":"Sparshott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neonatal Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib101","first-page":"140","article-title":"Clinical validation of FLACC: Preverbal patient pain scale","volume":"29","author":"Manworren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib102","first-page":"293","article-title":"The FLACC: A behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children","volume":"23","author":"Merkel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200211000-00020","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment","volume":"95","author":"Voepel-Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2010624","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability behavioral tool in assessing acute pain in critically ill patients","volume":"19","author":"Voepel-Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Critical Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib105","first-page":"195","article-title":"FLACC behavioral pain assessment scale: A comparison with the child's self-report","volume":"29","author":"Willis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01773.x","article-title":"The revised FLACC observational pain tool: Improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Malviya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatric Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib107","first-page":"317","article-title":"Behavioral pain assessment and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability instrument. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Voepel-Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2005.08.004","article-title":"Validity of parent ratings as proxy measures of pain in children with cognitive impairment","volume":"6","author":"Voepel-Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Management Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-5963(03)00090-3","article-title":"Pain assessment in nonverbal children with severe cognitive impairments: The Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS)","volume":"18","author":"Solodiuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.03.016","article-title":"Validation of the Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS): A pain assessment tool for nonverbal children with intellectual disability","volume":"150","author":"Solodiuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib111","first-page":"59","article-title":"The development of a tool to assess neonatal pain","volume":"12","author":"Lawrence","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neonatal network: NN"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.185","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the N-PASS assessment tool with acute pain","volume":"30","author":"Hummel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatolog"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211861","article-title":"Clinical reliability and validity of the N-PASS: neonatal pain, agitation and sedation scale with prolonged pain","volume":"28","author":"Hummel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162200001146","article-title":"Preliminary validation of an observational pain checklist for persons with cognitive impairments and inability to communicate verbally","volume":"42","author":"Breau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112247","article-title":"Measuring pain accurately in children with cognitive impairments: Refinement of a caregiver scale","volume":"138","author":"Breau","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00179-3","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the noncommunicating children's pain checklist-revised","volume":"99","author":"Breau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220400060X","article-title":"Risk factors for pain in children with severe cognitive impairments","volume":"46","author":"Breau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.3.3.327","article-title":"Non-communicating children's pain checklist: Better pain assessment for severely disabled children","volume":"3","author":"Breau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03842.x","article-title":"The relation between children's pain behaviour and developmental characteristics: A cross-sectional study","volume":"53","author":"Breau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.01.050","article-title":"Parental assessment of pain coping in individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities","author":"Burkitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.09.006","article-title":"A modified version of the noncommunicating children pain checklist-revised, adapted to adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Sensitivity to pain and internal consistency","volume":"10","author":"Lotan","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00428.x","article-title":"Clinical validation of the paediatric pain profile","volume":"46","author":"Hunt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199603000-00004","article-title":"Premature infant pain profile: Development and initial validation","volume":"12","author":"Stevens","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181ed1070","article-title":"The premature infant pain profile: Evaluation 13 years after development","volume":"26","author":"Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Clinical Journal of Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3182906aed","article-title":"The premature infant pain profile-revised (PIPP-R): initial validation and feasibility","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90031-6","article-title":"The Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale: An observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children aged 1-5. Preliminary report","volume":"50","author":"Tarbell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071909116300225?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071909116300225?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,14]],"date-time":"2019-09-14T20:11:09Z","timestamp":1568491869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071909116300225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1071909116300225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9091","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pediatric Pain Measurement, Assessment, and Evaluation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}