{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:47:23Z","timestamp":1793922443863,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T23:06:14Z","timestamp":1630710374000},"page":"100926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cranial Neuralgias in Children and Adolescents A review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Spencer W.","family":"Eberhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmada","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Jackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1593-8","article-title":"Surgical treatment of pediatric trigeminal neuralgia: Case series and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Bender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0002","first-page":"629","volume":"33","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02185.x","article-title":"American academy of neurology society; European federation of neurological society. AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management","volume":"15","author":"Cruccu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0810-0","article-title":"A comprehensive review of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30233-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000637","article-title":"Cranial Neuralgias","volume":"24","author":"Tepper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0007","first-page":"20412","article-title":"Both trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia and trigeminal neuralgia in a child","volume":"34","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-014-0473-9","article-title":"Tic vs TAC: Differentiating the neuralgias (trigeminal neuralgia) from the cephalalgias (SUNCT and SUNA)","volume":"19","author":"VanderPluym","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416657148","volume":"37","author":"Liapounova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0010","first-page":"28999","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"11","author":"Montano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.11.013","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in the general population: Asystematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"155","author":"van Hecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-9-26","article-title":"Primary care incidence and treatment of four neuropathic pain conditions: Adescriptive study, 2002-2005","volume":"9","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.023","article-title":"Incidence of facial pain in the general population","volume":"147","author":"Koopman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.665","article-title":"The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK","volume":"123","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270114","article-title":"Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984","volume":"27","author":"Katusic","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2016.04.001","article-title":"Cranial Neuralgias","volume":"28","author":"Bajwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14023","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia in children and adolescents: Experience of a tertiary pediatric headache clinic","volume":"61","author":"Brameli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8047","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199810000-00047","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for pediatric onset trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"43","author":"Resnick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2003.09.003","article-title":"Peripheral glycerol injection for the relief of facial neuralgia in children","volume":"68","author":"Yue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0020","first-page":"10714","article-title":"Update on neuropathic pain treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. the pharmacological and surgical options","volume":"20","author":"KW","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234760","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2347","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: Pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"124","author":"Love","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.226","article-title":"Surgical treatment of secondary trigeminal neuralgia induced by cerebellopontine angle tumors: A single-center experience","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.03.037","article-title":"Cerebellopontine angle lipoma manifesting as trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"222","author":"Bhoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1159\/000351550","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia associated with cerebellopontine angle lipoma in childhood","volume":"48","author":"Egemen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-008-0088-x","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to epidermoid cyst at the cerebellopontine angle: Case report and brief overview","volume":"97","author":"Guttal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0026","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Epidermoid cyst presenting as isolated trigeminal neuralgia - 2case reports","volume":"22","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(95)00056-9","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia caused by a cerebellopontine-angle lipoma: Case report","volume":"44","author":"Kato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7202","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007720.x","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia and cerebellopontine-angle lipoma in a child","volume":"41","author":"Raieli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1735-7","article-title":"Burkitt's lymphoma: Arare cause of isolated trigeminal neuralgia in a child","volume":"28","author":"Akhaddar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.03.010","article-title":"Trigeminal Neuralgia in a child with a cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst","volume":"53","author":"Grande-Mart\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78891","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.5.0788","article-title":"Choristoma of the intracranial maxillary nerve in a child. case report","volume":"81","author":"Lena","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0032","first-page":"3313","article-title":"Symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia in a 5-year-old child","volume":"60","author":"Marshall","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04646-y","article-title":"Ruptured dermoid cyst in the Meckel's cave presenting with trigeminal neuralgia in a pediatric patient: Acase report","volume":"36","author":"Ochoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98990","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809332403","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia due to anterior inferior cerebellar artery loop: A case report","volume":"24","author":"Koul","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0035","first-page":"16713","article-title":"Severe radiation necrosis successfully treated with bevacizumab in an infant with low-grade glioma and tumor-associated intractable trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"63","author":"Pillay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1989000100008","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation in the cerebellopontine angle presenting as trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"47","author":"Figueiredo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01277.x","article-title":"Endovascular palliation of AVM-associated intractable trigeminal neuralgia via embolization of the artery of the foramen rotundum","volume":"12","author":"Levitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0969-0","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis: From the clinical picture to the treatment options","volume":"20","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0039","first-page":"4857","article-title":"Neuralgia trigeminal infantil como \u00fanica manifestaci\u00f3n de una malformaci\u00f3n de Chiari tipo I [Trigeminal neuralgia in children as the only manifestation of Chiari I malformation]","volume":"28","author":"Iv\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3360-y","article-title":"Secondary trigeminal neuralgia attributed to paranasal sinusitis in a pediatric patient","volume":"33","author":"Chun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.31992","article-title":"Reactivation of trigeminal neuralgia following distraction osteogenesis in an 8-year-old child: Report of a unique case","volume":"25","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0042","first-page":"45","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to hydrocephalus","volume":"62","author":"Sandyk","year":"1982","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0043","first-page":"33840","article-title":"Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma of the face causing trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18402","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.15.1840-b","article-title":"Atypical trigeminal neuralgia associated with tongue piercing","volume":"296","author":"Gazzeri","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30910","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(01)00395-2","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia in children: 2case reports","volume":"26","author":"Lopes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806920901890","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: An overview from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments","volume":"16","author":"Gambeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0047","first-page":"10714","article-title":"Update on neuropathic pain treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. the pharmacological and surgical options","volume":"20","author":"KW","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.074","article-title":"Surgical management of trigeminal neuralgia in children","volume":"121","author":"Chicoine","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.12.020","article-title":"Peripheral glycerol injection: An alternative treatment of children with glossopharyngeal neuralgia","volume":"78","author":"Yue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.194145","article-title":"Concomitant depression and anxiety negatively affect pain outcomes in surgically managed young patients with trigeminal neuralgia: Long-term clinical outcome","volume":"7","author":"Mousavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0051","first-page":"548","article-title":"Giant dumbbell-shaped intra- and extracranial nerve schwannoma in a child presenting with glossopharyngeal neuralgia syncope syndrome: Acase report and review of the literature","volume":"74","author":"Sarikaya-Seiwert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00261.x","article-title":"Tonsillar pain mimicking glossopharyngeal neuralgia as a complication of vagus nerve stimulation: Case report","volume":"41","author":"Duhaime","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520030087025","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal neuralgia in a child. adiagnostic and therapeutic dilemma","volume":"43","author":"Kandt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597272","article-title":"Stylohyoid complex (Eagle) syndrome starting in a 9-year-old boy","volume":"48","author":"G\u00e1rriz-Luis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3995-3","article-title":"Pediatric glossopharyngeal neuralgia: Acomprehensive review","volume":"35","author":"Shereen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15076.x","article-title":"Chiari type I malformation, glossopharyngeal neuralgia and central sleep apnoea in a child","volume":"38","author":"Yglesias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.4.311","article-title":"Neurovascular compression of the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerve: 3case reports","volume":"82","author":"Childs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2010.487131","article-title":"Neuralgia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: Long-term outcome following surgical treatment and literature review","volume":"24","author":"Kandan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.4.479","article-title":"Neuralgias of the Head: Occipital Neuralgia","volume":"31","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(92)90177-5","article-title":"Headache and the greater occipital nerve","volume":"94","author":"Anthony","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0061","first-page":"15964","article-title":"Miscellaneous headache syndromes in children and adolescents","volume":"2","author":"Rothner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0062","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Occipital Neuralgia","author":"Djavaherian","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22468","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia: Anatomic considerations","volume":"28","author":"Cesmebasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000345","article-title":"C2 nerve root on magnetic resonance imaging of occipital neuralgia","volume":"39","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004549","article-title":"Greater occipital nerve decompression for occipital neuralgia","volume":"29","author":"Jose","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2016.04.004","article-title":"The treatment of occipital neuralgia: Review of 111 cases","volume":"62","author":"Finiels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0675-7","article-title":"Headache diagnosis in children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Dao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004186","article-title":"Occipital headaches and neuroimaging in children","volume":"89","author":"Bear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0712-6","article-title":"Occipital headaches and neuroimaging in children","volume":"22","author":"Irwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200401000-00006","article-title":"Occipital nerve blocks in postconcussive headaches: Aretrospective review and report of ten patients","volume":"19","author":"Hecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23869","article-title":"Pain referral patterns of the C1 to C3 nerves: Implications for headache disorders","volume":"74","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01675.x","article-title":"Interventional procedures special interest section of the american. peripheral nerve blocks and trigger point injections in headache management - a systematic review and suggestions for future research","volume":"50","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0073","first-page":"258","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia","volume":"15","author":"Hammond","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819853079","article-title":"Occipital nerve blocks for relief of headaches in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts: A case series","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20190","article-title":"The course of the greater occipital nerve in the suboccipital region: A proposal for setting landmarks for local anesthesia in patients with occipital neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Natsis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.124420","article-title":"Greater occipital nerve block using local anaesthetics alone or with triamcinolone for transformed migraine: A randomised comparative study","volume":"79","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-017-0650-8","article-title":"Nerve blocks in pediatric and adolescent headache disorders","volume":"21","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95968","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414561872","article-title":"Occipital nerve block for the short-term preventive treatment of migraine: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study","volume":"35","author":"Dilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12393","article-title":"Greater occipital nerve blockade for the treatment of chronic migraine: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study","volume":"132","author":"Inan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0835-5","article-title":"Treatment of disabling headache with greater occipital nerve injections in a large population of childhood and adolescent patients: A service evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Puledda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-0937-8","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia and cervicogenic headache: diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Barmherzig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01348.x","article-title":"Occipital nerve pulsed radiofrequency treatment: A multi-center study evaluating predictors of outcome","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy405","article-title":"Management of chronic migraine and occipital neuralgia in post 9\/11 combat veterans","volume":"184","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-020-00197-1","article-title":"A Review of the recent findings in minimally invasive treatment options for the management of occipital neuralgia","volume":"9","author":"Urits","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.1.88","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of third occipital headache","volume":"74","author":"Govind","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3182898736","article-title":"Greater occipital nerve excision for occipital neuralgia refractory to nerve decompression","volume":"72","author":"Ducic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.4.0669","article-title":"Compression of the C-2 root by a rare anomalous ectatic vertebral artery. case report","volume":"78","author":"Sharma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0088","article-title":"Refractory occipital neuralgia: Preoperative assessment with CT-guided nerve block prior to dorsal cervical rhizotomy","volume":"24","author":"Kapoor","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0089","first-page":"4279","article-title":"Micro-surgical decompression for greater occipital neuralgia","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.3.PEDS19584","article-title":"Geniculate neuralgia in an adolescent treated via sectioning of the nervus intermedius and microvascular decompression","volume":"26","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1159\/000509760","article-title":"A case report of pediatric geniculate neuralgia treated with sectioning of the nervus intermedius and microvascular decompression of cranial nerves IX and X","volume":"55","author":"Zenonos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50511","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.4.0505","article-title":"Geniculate neuralgia: The surgical management of primary otalgia","volume":"75","author":"Rupa","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11503","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412459575","article-title":"Non-traumatic supraorbital neuralgia: a clinical study of 13 cases","volume":"32","author":"Mulero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12027","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415578429","article-title":"Infratrochlear neuralgia","volume":"35","author":"Pareja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0095","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-traumatic headache: Don't forget to test the supraorbital nerve!","volume":"21","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ case rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0096","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Trigeminal pain caused by a cerebellopontine-angle lipoma. case report and review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Alafaci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10759","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0310","article-title":"Jaw pain in an adolescent boy. trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"139","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0099","first-page":"2136","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia and its treatment in a 13-month-old child: A review and case report","volume":"5","author":"Mason","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Craniomandib Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101600821","article-title":"Idiopathic trigeminal sensory neuropathy in childhood","volume":"16","author":"Matoth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.3.0424","article-title":"Atypical trigeminal neuralgia in a 6-year-old boy. case report","volume":"56","author":"Roski","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-008-0581-0","article-title":"Successful vascular decompression in an 11-year-old patient with trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"24","author":"Solth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2002.02718.x","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia caused by lymphomatous compression at oval foramen","volume":"68","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-008-0088-x","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia secondary to epidermoid cyst at the cerebellopontine angle: Case report and brief overview","volume":"97","author":"Guttal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Odontology"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071909121000541?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1071909121000541?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T06:37:33Z","timestamp":1761028653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1071909121000541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["S1071909121000541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9091","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cranial Neuralgias in Children and Adolescents A review of the literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2021.100926","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100926"}}