{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:31:21Z","timestamp":1790631081121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010327","name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T02:01:27Z","timestamp":1696298487000},"page":"101089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinical Evaluation and Management of Narcolepsy in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Dye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0001","series-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00058-1","article-title":"Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy","volume":"27","author":"Thannickal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.7.733","article-title":"Hypocretin (orexin) levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy: Relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB1*0602 status","volume":"25","author":"Krahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05582-8","article-title":"Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy","volume":"355","author":"Nishino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/79690","article-title":"A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains","volume":"6","author":"Peyron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81973-X","article-title":"Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation","volume":"98","author":"Chemelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.05.011","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Maahs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1826","article-title":"Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population","volume":"58","author":"Ohayon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0009","first-page":"197","article-title":"The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: A population-based study","volume":"25","author":"Silber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep-New York-"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.05.009","article-title":"Prevalence of narcolepsy in King County, Washington, USA","volume":"10","author":"Longstreth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.12.012","article-title":"Symptoms and occurrences of narcolepsy: A retrospective study of 162 patients during a 10-year period in Eastern China","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac137","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac137","article-title":"Increased incidence of pediatric narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: A report from the pediatric working group of the sleep research network","volume":"45","author":"Simakajornboon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22587","article-title":"Narcolepsy onset is seasonal and increased following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in China","volume":"70","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.11.1457","article-title":"Clinical and Therapeutic aspects of childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: A retrospective study of 51 children","volume":"33","author":"Aran AE","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0015","first-page":"56","article-title":"Delay of diagnosis of narcolepsy in a European and in a North American population","volume":"7","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12044","article-title":"Clinical, polysomnographic and genome-wide association analyses of narcolepsy with cataplexy: A European Narcolepsy Network study","volume":"22","author":"Luca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.01.015","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy: Characterization and impact","volume":"15","author":"Thorpy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430125","article-title":"Narcolepsy in prepubertal children","volume":"43","author":"Guilleminault","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.11.2029","article-title":"Age at onset of narcolepsy in two large populations of patients in France and Quebec","volume":"57","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.010","article-title":"Narcolepsy in children: A single-center clinical experience","volume":"38","author":"Vendrame","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2012.03.010","article-title":"Hypersomnia in children","volume":"7","author":"Kotagal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S312000","article-title":"Factors associated with depression and sub-dimension symptoms in adolescent narcolepsy","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4498","article-title":"Neurobehavioral functioning in adolescents with and without obesity and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"38","author":"Xanthopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-008-0205-7","article-title":"Modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Chinese children with obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac005","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac005","article-title":"Large body movements on video polysomnography are associated with daytime dysfunction in children with restless sleep disorder","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e921","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1696","article-title":"Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences","volume":"134","author":"Owens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0027","series-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders\u20133rd edition (ICSD-3)","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.e60","article-title":"Sleep and behavior problems in school-aged children","volume":"107","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200508000-00011","article-title":"The ADHD and sleep conundrum: A review","volume":"26","author":"Owens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Develop Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.302","article-title":"Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: Reference values and generational trends","volume":"111","author":"Iglowstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0031","first-page":"444","article-title":"Scheduled naps in the management of daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy-cataplexy","volume":"16","author":"Mullington","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sleep-New York-"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60237-2","article-title":"Narcolepsy with cataplexy","volume":"369","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet North Am Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3756","article-title":"Challenges in diagnosing narcolepsy without cataplexy: A consensus statement","volume":"37","author":"Baumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.2.205","article-title":"Characteristics of narcolepsy in preteenaged children","volume":"85","author":"Kotagal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.05.010","article-title":"The clinical features of cataplexy: A questionnaire study in narcolepsy patients with and without hypocretin-1 deficiency","volume":"12","author":"Overeem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21965","article-title":"Cataplexy features in childhood narcolepsy","volume":"23","author":"Serra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.01.004","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for cataplexy","volume":"8","author":"Houghton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.97","article-title":"Cataplexy: Clinical aspects, pathophysiology and management strategy","volume":"10","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00422.x","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy with cataplexy: A reappraisal","volume":"13","author":"Sturzenegger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr244","article-title":"Complex movement disorders at disease onset in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy","volume":"134","author":"Plazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt277","article-title":"Clinical and polysomnographic course of childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy","volume":"136","author":"Pizza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.08.005","article-title":"Childhood narcolepsy with partial facial cataplexy: A diagnostic dilemma","volume":"10","author":"Dhondt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.016","article-title":"Cataplectic facies: Clinical marker in the diagnosis of childhood narcolepsy-report of two cases","volume":"50","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2498","article-title":"Narcolepsy-cataplexy: Is streptococcal infection a trigger?","volume":"9","author":"Natarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00411.x","article-title":"Corticospinal excitability during laughter: Implications for cataplexy and the comparison with REM sleep atonia","volume":"13","author":"Overeem","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00306-0","article-title":"Effects of startle and laughter in cataplectic subjects: A neurophysiological study between attacks","volume":"111","author":"Lammers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.005","article-title":"Cases of pediatric narcolepsy after misdiagnoses","volume":"47","author":"Kauta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03404.x","article-title":"A detailed semiologic analysis of childhood psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"53","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.6.1194","article-title":"Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population","volume":"52","author":"Ohayon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.4.459","article-title":"Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: Pathological phenomena?","volume":"169","author":"Ohayon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.1458","article-title":"Periodic limb movements during sleep in children with narcolepsy","volume":"7","author":"Jambhekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.017","article-title":"Clinical, polysomnographic and laboratory characteristics of narcolepsy-cataplexy in a sample of children and adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Peraita-Adrados","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.11.018","article-title":"REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy","volume":"8","author":"Nevsimalova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.156","article-title":"Hypocretin deficiency in narcoleptic humans is associated with abdominal obesity","volume":"11","author":"Kok","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6352","article-title":"Growing up with type 1 narcolepsy: Its anthropometric and endocrine features","volume":"12","author":"Ponziani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9620","article-title":"Recommended protocols for the multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test in adults: Guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"17","author":"Krahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9638","article-title":"Disrupted nighttime sleep and sleep instability in narcolepsy","volume":"18","author":"Maski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2080","article-title":"Predictors of hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy without cataplexy","volume":"35","author":"Andlauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.8.993","article-title":"Localized loss of hypocretin (orexin) cells in narcolepsy without cataplexy","volume":"32","author":"Thannickal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0060","first-page":"10748","article-title":"A series of 7 cases of patients with narcolepsy with hypocretin deficiency without HLA DQB1* 06: 02 allele","volume":"jcsm","author":"Miano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4066","article-title":"HLA DQB1*06:02 negative narcolepsy with hypocretin\/orexin deficiency","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199407000-00009","article-title":"A clinical picture of child and adolescent narcolepsy","volume":"33","author":"Dahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1116","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0647","article-title":"The psychosocial problems of children with narcolepsy and those with excessive daytime sleepiness of uncertain origin","volume":"118","author":"Stores","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12291","article-title":"Quality of life in children with narcolepsy","volume":"20","author":"Inocente","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.12.1705","article-title":"Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin","volume":"30","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0066","first-page":"49","article-title":"Increased dopaminergic transmission mediates the wake-promoting effects of CNS stimulants","volume":"1","author":"Nishino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep Res Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23739-8_22","article-title":"Modes of action of drugs related to narcolepsy: Pharmacology of wake-promoting compounds and anticataplectics","author":"Nishino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Narcolepsy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01473.x","article-title":"EFNS guidelines on management of narcolepsy","volume":"13","author":"Billiard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00991.x","article-title":"Clinical experience suggests that modafinil is an effective and safe treatment for paediatric narcolepsy","volume":"21","author":"Lecendreux","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00162-X","article-title":"Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children","volume":"4","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2002.121217","article-title":"Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers","volume":"71","author":"Robertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25423","article-title":"A randomized study of solriamfetol for excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy","volume":"85","author":"Thorpy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.248120","article-title":"Characterization of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of solriamfetol (JZP-110), a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor","volume":"366","author":"Baladi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70225-4","article-title":"Pitolisant versus placebo or modafinil in patients with narcolepsy: A double-blind, randomised trial","volume":"12","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30333-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pitolisant on cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Szakacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00036-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pitolisant in children aged 6 years or older with narcolepsy with or without cataplexy: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.01.015","article-title":"Real-world treatment of pediatric narcolepsy with pitolisant: A retrospective, multicenter study","volume":"103","author":"Triller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30133-0","article-title":"Treatment of paediatric narcolepsy with sodium oxybate: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised-withdrawal multicentre study and open-label investigation","volume":"2","author":"Plazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1836","article-title":"Tolerance and efficacy of sodium oxybate in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy: A retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Lecendreux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S279345","article-title":"Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates oral solution: A lower-sodium alternative for cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy","volume":"14","author":"Dauvilliers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12468","article-title":"Effect of sodium oxybate on disrupted nighttime sleep in patients with narcolepsy","volume":"26","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27994","article-title":"The nightly use of sodium oxybate is associated with a reduction in nocturnal sleep disruption: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with narcolepsy","volume":"6","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.11.1457","article-title":"Clinical and therapeutic aspects of childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: A retrospective study of 51 children","volume":"33","author":"Aran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27549","article-title":"Safety overview of postmarketing and clinical experience of sodium oxybate (Xyrem): Abuse, misuse, dependence, and diversion","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-020-00223-6","article-title":"The Xyrem\u00ae(sodium oxybate) Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program in the USA: Results from 2016 to 2017","volume":"8","author":"Strunc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs-Real World Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2018.06.008","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and burden of illness in pediatric patients with narcolepsy","volume":"85","author":"Plazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-011-0505-1","article-title":"Growing up with narcolepsy: Consequences for adolescents and young adults","volume":"15","author":"Wehrle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Somnologie-Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.09.001","article-title":"Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: Mechanisms of action and clinical implications","volume":"68","author":"Thorpy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0089","first-page":"159","article-title":"Treatment paradigms for cataplexy in narcolepsy: Past, present, and future","volume":"7","author":"Swick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Science Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2008.036","article-title":"Treatment with venlafaxine in six cases of children with narcolepsy and with cataplexy and hypnagogic hallucinations","volume":"19","author":"Moller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.022","article-title":"Antidepressants and periodic leg movements of sleep","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0150-9","article-title":"A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes","volume":"9","author":"Mignot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S107190912300058X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S107190912300058X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T06:41:02Z","timestamp":1761028862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S107190912300058X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S107190912300058X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-9091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-9091","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical Evaluation and Management of Narcolepsy in Children and Adolescents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101089","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101089"}}