{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:49:15Z","timestamp":1792651755481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T15:40:16Z","timestamp":1374680416000},"page":"1370-1378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Evidence-based analysis of adjacent segment degeneration and disease after ACDF: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Carrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Bono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren R.","family":"Lebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib1","first-page":"S14","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis: an overview of signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology","volume":"60","author":"Harrop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Anterolateral cervical disc removal and interbody fusion for cervical disc syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Robinson","year":"1955","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1958.15.6.0602","article-title":"The anterior approach for removal of ruptured cervical disks","volume":"15","author":"Cloward","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199309000-00005","article-title":"Robinson anterior cervical discectomy and arthrodesis for cervical radiculopathy. Long-term follow-up of one hundred and twenty-two patients","volume":"75","author":"Bohlman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199807000-00002","article-title":"Anterior cervical decompression and arthrodesis for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Two to seventeen-year follow-up","volume":"80","author":"Emery","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200404000-00001","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after interbody fusion of the cervical spine","volume":"17","author":"Goffin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199810010-00002","article-title":"Anterior discectomy and fusion for painful cervical disc disease. A report of 50 patients with an average follow-up of 21 years","volume":"23","author":"Gore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1864-9","article-title":"Adjacent segment degenerative disease: is it due to disease progression or a fusion-associated phenomenon? Comparison between segments adjacent to the fused and non-fused segments","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199904000-00009","article-title":"Radiculopathy and myelopathy at segments adjacent to the site of a previous anterior cervical arthrodesis","volume":"81","author":"Hilibrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.04.011","article-title":"Adjacent segment disease after anterior cervical interbody fusion","volume":"4","author":"Ishihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1747-0","article-title":"Five-year outcome of stand-alone fusion using carbon cages in cervical disc arthrosis","volume":"20","author":"Marotta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199311000-00004","article-title":"Late radiographic findings after anterior cervical fusion for spondylotic myeloradiculopathy","volume":"18","author":"Baba","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00003","article-title":"Biomechanical study on the effect of cervical spine fusion on adjacent-level intradiscal pressure and segmental motion","volume":"27","author":"Eck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199808010-00006","article-title":"A kinematic study of the cervical spine before and after segmental arthrodesis","volume":"23","author":"Fuller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010170050","article-title":"Serial changes in signal intensities of the adjacent discs on T2-weighted sagittal images after surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis: anterior interbody fusion versus expansive laminoplasty","volume":"143","author":"Iseda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-140","article-title":"Polymethylmethacrylate-assisted ventral discectomy: rate of pseudarthrosis and clinical outcome with a minimum follow-up of 5 years","volume":"12","author":"Cabraja","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000180479.63092.17","article-title":"Long-term results after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and plating: a 5- to 11-year radiologic and clinical follow-up study","volume":"30","author":"Yue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00186-9","article-title":"One- and two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: the effect of plate fixation","volume":"2","author":"Bolesta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-008-0164-2","article-title":"Effect of cervical dynamics on adjacent segment degeneration after anterior cervical fusion with cages","volume":"32","author":"Elsawaf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.07.004","article-title":"Static versus dynamic plating for multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"7","author":"DuBois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318232d4f2","article-title":"The incidence of adjacent segment disease requiring surgery after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion: estimation using\u00a0an 11-year comprehensive nationwide database in Taiwan","volume":"70","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199902000-00008","article-title":"Axial symptoms and cervical alignments after cervical anterior spinal fusion for patients with cervical myelopathy","volume":"12","author":"Kawakami","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31820bb1f8","article-title":"Lower incidence of adjacent segment degeneration after anterior cervical fusion found with those fusing C5-6 and C6-7 than those leaving C5-6 or C6-7 as an adjacent level","volume":"25","author":"Komura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord\u00a0Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200301000-00001","article-title":"Introducing levels of evidence\u00a0to the journal","volume":"85-A","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2215-1","article-title":"Single level cervical fusion by an anterior approach using autologous bone graft influences the adjacent levels degenerative changes: clinical and radiographic results at 10-year minimum follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Faldini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1082061","article-title":"Analysis of reoperations after surgical treatment of degenerative cervical spine disorders: a report on 900 cases","volume":"70","author":"Greiner-Perth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000243","article-title":"Kyphotic malalignment after anterior cervical fusion is one of the factors promoting the degenerative process in adjacent intervertebral levels","volume":"10","author":"Katsuura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b8a80d","article-title":"Anterior cervical decompression and fusion accelerates adjacent segment degeneration: comparison with asymptomatic volunteers in a ten-year magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817bb956","article-title":"Lumbar adjacent segment degeneration and disease after arthrodesis and total disc arthroplasty","volume":"33","author":"Harrop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00361055","article-title":"Roentgenographic findings following anterior cervical fusion","volume":"15","author":"Gore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072080-00008","article-title":"Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation","volume":"72","author":"Boden","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200209000-00048","article-title":"Preliminary clinical experience with the\u00a0Bryan cervical disc prosthesis","volume":"51","author":"Goffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1614-z","article-title":"Sagittal segmental alignment as predictor of adjacent-level degeneration after a cloward procedure","volume":"469","author":"Faldini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035032","article-title":"The incidence of adjacent segment degeneration after cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA): a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000190453.46472.08","article-title":"Does anterior plating of the cervical spine predispose to adjacent segment changes?","volume":"30","author":"Rao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199015100-00009","article-title":"Surgical management of cervical soft disc herniation. A comparison between the anterior and posterior approach","volume":"15","author":"Herkowitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181913872","article-title":"Does incorrect level needle localization during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion lead to accelerated disc degeneration?","volume":"34","author":"Nassr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib38","first-page":"229","article-title":"Anterior cervical plating enhances arthrodesis after discectomy and fusion with cortical allograft","volume":"50","author":"Kaiser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.C.01555","article-title":"Development of adjacent-level ossification in patients with an anterior cervical plate","volume":"87","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.10.021","article-title":"Timing of development of adjacent-level ossification after anterior cervical arthrodesis with plates","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.09.006","article-title":"Comparison of anterior cervical fusion after two-level discectomy or single-level corpectomy: sagittal alignment, cervical lordosis, graft collapse, and adjacent-level ossification","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318190d833","article-title":"Adjacent level ossification development after anterior cervical fusion without plate fixation","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707163170304","article-title":"Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research","volume":"317","author":"Freedman","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80359-9","article-title":"Should we be performing more randomized controlled trials evaluating surgical operations?","volume":"118","author":"Solomon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909233411312","article-title":"The ethical problems with sham surgery in clinical research","volume":"341","author":"Macklin","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943013006189?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943013006189?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T06:25:47Z","timestamp":1563517547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943013006189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943013006189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}}}