{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:52:33Z","timestamp":1789195953324,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,28]],"date-time":"2013-08-28T15:05:31Z","timestamp":1377702331000},"page":"1675-1689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Diagnostic criteria and treatment of discogenic pain: a systematic review of recent clinical literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Walega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honorio T.","family":"Benzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198704000-00013","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of low back pain and its related medical care in United States","volume":"12","author":"Deyo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01312-4","article-title":"Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain","volume":"354","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440508","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"344","author":"Deyo","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000105527.13866.0F","article-title":"Estimates and patterns of direct health care expenditures among individuals with back pain in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.656","article-title":"Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems","volume":"299","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib6","first-page":"229","article-title":"Estimating cost of care for patients with acute low back pain: a retrospective review of patient records","volume":"109","author":"Crow","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a171","article-title":"Prognosis in patients with recent onset low back pain in Australian primary care: inception cohort study","volume":"337","author":"Henschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2718","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2718","article-title":"Management of low back pain","volume":"337","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318198c962","article-title":"Clinical research: is the spine field a mine field?","volume":"34","author":"Carragee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193408022110506","article-title":"Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal","volume":"211","author":"Mixter","year":"1934","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib11","first-page":"897","article-title":"The normal and pathological physiology of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc: an anatomical, clinical, and experimental study","volume":"14","author":"Keyes","year":"1932","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib12","first-page":"461","article-title":"Anatomicophysiological aspects of injuries to the intervertebral disc","volume":"29","author":"Inman","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.73040400020017b","article-title":"Lumbar discography. Analysis of 600 degenerated disks and diagnosis of degenerative disk disease","volume":"178","author":"Collis","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib14","first-page":"51","article-title":"Lesions of the intervertebral disks and their treatment by interbody fusion methods. The painful disk","volume":"27","author":"Cloward","year":"1963","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.39B1.6","article-title":"Primary instability of lumbar vertebrae as a common cause of low back pain","volume":"39","author":"Morgan","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib16","first-page":"280","article-title":"Lumbar discography and its clinical applications","volume":"11","author":"Wiley","year":"1968","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1970.tb116676.x","article-title":"A reappraisal of intervertebral disc lesions","volume":"16","author":"Crock","year":"1970","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509000-00007","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2001\/4\/308","article-title":"Evaluation of the relative contributions of various structures in chronic low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200210000-00001","article-title":"Anterior lumbar interbody fusion using rhBMP-2 with tapered interbody cages","volume":"15","author":"Burkus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.03.025","article-title":"Posterior lumbar interbody fusion using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 with cylindrical interbody cages","volume":"4","author":"Haid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/785","article-title":"Preliminary results of a randomized, equivalence trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing chronic low back pain: Part 1\u2014discogenic pain without disc herniation or radiculitis","volume":"11","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200010150-00010","article-title":"Twelve-month follow-up of a controlled trial of intradiscal thermal anuloplasty for back pain due to internal disc disruption","volume":"25","author":"Karasek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000137067.68630.70","article-title":"Good outcome and restoration of lordosis after anterior lumbar interbody fusion with additional posterior fixation","volume":"29","author":"Pavlov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200102010-00014","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation for chronic discogenic back pain: lack of effect from a 90-second 70 C lesion","volume":"26","author":"Barendse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.4.2.85","article-title":"Lumbar total disc arthroplasty in patients older than 60 years of age: a prospective study of the ProDisc prosthesis with 2-year minimum follow-up period","volume":"4","author":"Bertagnoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20080201-22","article-title":"Lumbar disk replacement with the ProDisc prosthesis","volume":"31","author":"Mirovsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318054e377","article-title":"Results of the prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study of the ProDisc-L total disc replacement versus circumferential fusion for the treatment of 1-level degenerative disc disease","volume":"32","author":"Zigler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000214970.07626.68","article-title":"Lumbar total disc arthroplasty utilizing the ProDisc prosthesis in smokers versus nonsmokers: a prospective study with 2-year minimum follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Bertagnoli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib30","first-page":"E115","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of\u00a0lumbar degenerative disc disease treated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion allograft spacer: a prospective, multicenter trial with 2-year follow-up","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0428-4","article-title":"Indications for full prosthetic disc arthroplasty: a correlation of clinical outcome against a variety of indications","volume":"2","author":"Bertagnoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-1034-z","article-title":"A prospective, randomized controlled trial of femoral ring allograft versus a titanium cage in circumferential lumbar spinal fusion with minimum 2-year clinical results","volume":"14","author":"McKenna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.014","article-title":"A prospective study of autologous growth factors (AGF) in lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"6","author":"Jenis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a3967f","article-title":"Nucleus replacement with the DASCOR disc arthroplasty device: interim two-year efficacy and safety results from two prospective, non-randomized multicenter European studies","volume":"34","author":"Ahrens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.021","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal methylene blue injection for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain","volume":"149","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E351","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31819b33f8","article-title":"Functional and radiological outcomes of 360 degrees fusion of three or more motion levels in the lumbar spine for degenerative disc disease","volume":"34","author":"Suratwala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200401000-00011","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency denervation of the ramus communicans nerve for chronic discogenic low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00021","article-title":"Management of chronic discogenic low back pain with a thermal intradiscal catheter. A preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Saal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00409-6","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of a controlled trial of\u00a0intradiscal electrothermal anuloplasty for chronic low back pain resulting from internal disc disruption","volume":"2","author":"Bogduk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200205010-00017","article-title":"Intradiscal electrothermal treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain: prospective outcome study with a minimum 2-year follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Saal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067269.31377.6A","article-title":"Risk factors for failure and complications of intradiscal electrothermal therapy: a pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000083326.39944.73","article-title":"Radiofrequency lesioning using two different time modalities for the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain: a randomized trial","volume":"28","author":"Er\u00e7elen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000133245.67491.90","article-title":"Intradiscal thermal annuloplasty for the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain in patients with multilevel degenerative disc disease","volume":"99","author":"Kapural","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00002","article-title":"The use of intradiscal steroid therapy for lumbar spinal discogenic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Khot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00073.x","article-title":"Intradiscal thermal annuloplasty versus intradiscal radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of discogenic pain: a prospective matched control trial","volume":"6","author":"Kapural","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000186587.43373.f2","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: intradiscal electrothermal therapy versus placebo for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain","volume":"30","author":"Freeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000267518.20363.0d","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response pilot study evaluating intradiscal etanercept in patients with chronic discogenic low back pain or lumbosacral radiculopathy","volume":"107","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31812f4f29","article-title":"Intradiscal electrothermal therapy (IDET) provides effective symptom relief in patients with discogenic low back pain","volume":"21","author":"Maurer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.05.001","article-title":"A randomized double-blind controlled trial of intra-annular radiofrequency thermal disc therapy\u2014a 12-month follow-up","volume":"145","author":"Kvarstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a401bf","article-title":"Results of surgery for discogenic low back pain: a randomized study using discography versus discoblock for diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Ohtori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.03.024","article-title":"The effect of spinal steroid injections for degenerative disc disease","volume":"4","author":"Buttermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200308000-00016","article-title":"SB Charit\u00e9 disc replacement: report of 60 prospective randomized cases in a US center","volume":"16","author":"McAfee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.07.019","article-title":"Prospective randomized study of the Charite artificial disc: data from two investigational centers","volume":"4","author":"Guyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.001","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal electrothermal therapy for the treatment of discogenic low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Pauza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0076-1","article-title":"Intradiscal methylene blue injection for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00138.x","article-title":"Intradiscal high-voltage, long-duration pulsed radiofrequency for discogenic pain: a preliminary report","volume":"7","author":"Teixeira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0450-6","article-title":"Pain and function after intradiscal electrothermal treatment (IDET) for symptomatic lumbar disc degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Spruit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000170587.32676.0e","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, multicenter Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemptions study of lumbar total disc replacement with the CHARITE artificial disc versus lumbar fusion: part I: evaluation of clinical outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200608000-00007","article-title":"Lumbar total disc replacement using ProDisc II: a prospective study with a 2-year minimum follow-up","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib60","first-page":"115","article-title":"Treatment of painful advanced internal lumbar disc derangement with intradiscal injection of hypertonic dextrose","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200310000-00004","article-title":"Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative disc disease using a minimally invasive B-twin expandable spinal spacer: a multicenter study","volume":"16","author":"Folman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.3.198","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic analysis of cervical disc arthroplasty compared with allograft fusion: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Mummaneni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816043af","article-title":"Prospective, randomized trial of metal-on-metal artificial lumbar disc replacement: initial results for treatment of discogenic pain","volume":"33","author":"Sasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000107007.31714.77","article-title":"A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial of anterior lumbar interbody fusion using a titanium cylindrical threaded fusion device","volume":"29","author":"Sasso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-002-0446-2","article-title":"Minimally invasive total disc replacement: surgical technique and preliminary clinical results","volume":"11","author":"Mayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000164198.30725.2d","article-title":"Outcome analyses of interbody titanium cage fusion used in the anterior discectomy for cervical degenerative disc disease","volume":"18","author":"Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00167.x","article-title":"Treatment of 94 outpatients with chronic discogenic low back pain with the DRX9000: a retrospective chart review","volume":"8","author":"Macario","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.04.015","article-title":"Perioperative complications and clinical outcomes of multilevel circumferential lumbar spinal fusion in the elderly","volume":"16","author":"Acosta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1179\/016164104225014030","article-title":"Efficacy of vertebral axial decompression on chronic low back pain: study of dosage regimen","volume":"26","author":"Ramos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200010150-00018","article-title":"Four-year follow-up results of lumbar spine arthrodesis using the Bagby and Kuslich lumbar fusion cage","volume":"25","author":"Kuslich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.3.6.0424","article-title":"Cervical disc arthroplasty: a controlled randomized prospective study with intermediate follow-up results. Invited submission from the joint section meeting on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves, March 2005","volume":"3","author":"Hacker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1080915","article-title":"Percutaneous axial lumbar interbody fusion (AxiaLIF) of the L5-S1 segment: initial clinical and radiographic experience","volume":"51","author":"Aryan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib73","series-title":"Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definition of pain terms","first-page":"180","article-title":"Lumbar discogenic pain","author":"Merskey","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib74","series-title":"Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lumbar disc stimulation (provocation discography)","author":"Bogduk","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00563-6","article-title":"Lumbar discography","volume":"3","author":"Guyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E71","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/E121","article-title":"Comprehensive review of neurophysiologic basis and diagnostic interventions in managing chronic spinal pain","volume":"12","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ab5432","article-title":"Does discography cause accelerated progression of degeneration changes in the lumbar disc: a ten-year matched cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Carragee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943013007663?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943013007663?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,5]],"date-time":"2022-03-05T01:11:23Z","timestamp":1646442683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943013007663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943013007663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}}}