{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:02:49Z","timestamp":1793196169928,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["06\/79\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/79\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","thespinejournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,4]],"date-time":"2013-10-04T01:17:30Z","timestamp":1380849450000},"page":"1461-1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruth A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nefyn H.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex J.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafees Ud","family":"Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosam E.","family":"Matar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceri J.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Nafees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Fitzsimmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Rickard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490060092030","article-title":"What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain?","volume":"268","author":"Deyo","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199210000-00013","article-title":"The natural history of sciatica associated with disc pathology; a prospective study with clinical and independent radiological follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Bush","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00257-9","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic indicators of sciatica","volume":"57","author":"Tubach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39223.428495.BE","article-title":"Clinical Review: diagnosis and treatment of sciatica","volume":"334","author":"Koes","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199309010-00006","article-title":"The natural course of acute sciatica with nerve root symptoms in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of piroxicam","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193408022110506","article-title":"Rupture of the intervertebral disc with involvement of the spinal canal","volume":"211","author":"Mixer","year":"1934","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7205.302","article-title":"Evidence based case report: sciatica: which intervention?","volume":"319","author":"Samanta","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183a4a2","article-title":"Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates","volume":"33","author":"Konstantinou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200012000-00001","article-title":"Conservative treatment of sciatica: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Vroomen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib10","first-page":"CD001254","article-title":"Bed rest for acute low-back pain and sciatica","volume":"6","author":"Hagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0367-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of conservative treatments for the lumbosacral radicular syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Luijsterburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib12","first-page":"CD003010","article-title":"Traction for low-back pain with or without sciatica","author":"Clarke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2003\/6\/319","article-title":"Epidural steroids in the management of chronic spinal pain and radiculopathy","volume":"6","author":"Boswell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/185","article-title":"Epidural steroids in the management of chronic spinal pain: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Abdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CD001350","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001350.pub3","article-title":"Surgical interventions for lumbar disc prolapse","author":"Gibson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta15390","article-title":"The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and economic model","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2534","article-title":"Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Psaty","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1875","article-title":"Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1269","article-title":"Mixed comparison of stroke prevention treatments in individuals with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation","volume":"166","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1913","article-title":"Management of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"305","author":"Anothaisintawee","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19961230)15:24<2733::AID-SIM562>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Borrowing strength from external trials in a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Higgins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1191\/096228001678227794","article-title":"Bayesian methods in meta-analysis and evidence synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Sutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7166.1151","article-title":"Statistics notes: Bayesians and frequentists","volume":"317","author":"Bland","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001215)19:23<3291::AID-SIM627>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine as Bayesian decision-making","volume":"19","author":"Ashby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib26","first-page":"203","article-title":"Common peroneal nerve block for sciatica","author":"Tajiri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/14.3.186","article-title":"Chymoral in the treatment of lumbar disc prolapse","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib28","first-page":"147","article-title":"The Egyptian experience in the use of colchicine in\u00a0lumbar disc disease","volume":"16","author":"El-Zahaar","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Orthop Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318060a5d1","article-title":"Outcome evaluation of surgical and nonsurgical management of lumbar disc protrusion causing radiculopathy","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.1.0090","article-title":"Epidural steroids, postoperative morbidity, and recovery in patients undergoing microsurgical lumbar discectomy","volume":"77","author":"Lavyne","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib31","first-page":"236","article-title":"Surgery versus chemonucleolysis for herniated lumbar discs. A prospective study with random assignment","author":"Ejesk\u00e4r","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000065484.95996.AF","article-title":"Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane collaboration back review group","volume":"28","author":"van Tulder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dai022","article-title":"Criteria for the systematic review of health promotion and public health interventions","volume":"20","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib34","unstructured":"Effective Public Health Practice Project. Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. 2007. Available at: http:\/\/www.ephpp.ca\/tools.html. Accessed July 31,\u00a02007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib35","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","first-page":"151","article-title":"Selecting Studies and Collecting Data","author":"Higgins","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.06.006","article-title":"Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results","volume":"59","author":"Furukawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib37","series-title":"WinBUGS version v1.4. User manual","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7387.472","article-title":"Validity of indirect comparison for estimating efficacy of competing interventions: empirical evidence from published meta-analyses","volume":"326","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00049-8","article-title":"The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Bucher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7521.897","article-title":"Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: combining direct and indirect evidence","volume":"331","author":"Caldwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1331","article-title":"Drug eluting and bare metal stents in people with and without diabetes: collaborative network meta-analysis","volume":"337","author":"Stettler","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib43","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","first-page":"243","article-title":"Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses","author":"Deeks","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib45","first-page":"158","article-title":"Chymopapain chemonucleolysis versus surgical discectomy in a military population","author":"Alexander","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000238668.49035.19","article-title":"Effect of high-dose intravenous dexamethasone on postlumbar discectomy pain","volume":"31","author":"Aminmansour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199608010-00011","article-title":"The Maine Lumbar Spine Study 2. 1-year outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of sciatica","volume":"21","author":"Atlas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181076514","article-title":"Efficacy of epidural perineural injections with autologous conditioned serum for lumbar radicular compression: an investigator-initiated, prospective, double-blind, reference-controlled study","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s004020100277","article-title":"Lumbar micro disc surgery with and without autologous fat graft\u2014a prospective randomized trial evaluated with reference to clinical and social factors","volume":"121","author":"Bernsmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib50","first-page":"110","article-title":"Foraminal and lateroforaminal herniated disks\u2014midterm results of percutaneous treatment with chemonucleolysis or nucleotomy","volume":"39","author":"Bonaf\u00e9","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib51","first-page":"327","article-title":"Treatment of lumbar-disk herniation with intradiscal injection\u00a0of chymopapain or triamcinolone hexacetonid\u2014a comparative-study of 80 cases [in French]","volume":"57","author":"Bontoux","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Engl Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib52","first-page":"767","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized and double-blind study of triamcinolone hexacetonide versus chymopapain in the treatment of lumbar sciatica. Preliminary results at six months [in French]","volume":"55","author":"Bourgeois","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198903000-00013","article-title":"Pain response post-chemonucleolysis or disc excision","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200006000-00018","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injection in the conservative management of sciatica","author":"Buchner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib55","first-page":"49","article-title":"Ozone chemyonucleolysis vs microdiscectomy. Prospective controlled study with 18 months follow-up","volume":"4","author":"Buric","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rivista Italiana di Ossigeno-Ozonoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s005869900113","article-title":"Single-blind randomised controlled trial of chemonucleolysis and manipulation in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniation","volume":"9","author":"Burton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199105000-00015","article-title":"A controlled study of caudal epidural injections of triamcinolone plus procaine for the management of intractable sciatica","volume":"16","author":"Bush","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362303","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus","volume":"336","author":"Carette","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib59","first-page":"109","article-title":"Efficacy of Adcon-L gel or Healon-GV in epidural fibrosis after lumbar microdiscectomy","volume":"12","author":"Cengiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199503150-00016","article-title":"Report of a controlled clinical trial comparing automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy and microdiscectomy in the treatment of contained lumbar disc herniation","volume":"20","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(09)60031-5","article-title":"The warming acupuncture for\u00a0treatment of sciatica in 30 cases","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181a05aa0","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response, and preclinical safety study of transforaminal epidural etanercept for the treatment of sciatica","volume":"110","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5218.20","article-title":"Comparison between epidural anaesthesia and bed rest in sciatica","volume":"1","author":"Coomes","year":"1961","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198403000-00010","article-title":"A comparison of surgery and chemonucleolysis in the treatment of sciatica. A prospective randomized trial","volume":"9","author":"Crawshaw","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib65","first-page":"26","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis vs laminectomy","volume":"1","author":"Dabezies","year":"1978","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198805000-00022","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of chymopapain (Discase) in the treatment of sciatica due to a herniated nucleus pulposus. Results of a randomized, double-blind study","volume":"13","author":"Dabezies","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200208000-00002","article-title":"Local application of steroids following lumbar discectomy","volume":"15","author":"Debi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib68","first-page":"70","article-title":"Is the percutaneous discectomy an alternative to chemonucleolysis","volume":"30","author":"Dei-Anang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiologe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5867.635","article-title":"Extradural corticosteroid injection in management of lumbar nerve root compression","volume":"2","author":"Dilke","year":"1973","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.09.016","article-title":"Caudal epidural injection versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of low back pain accompanied with radicular pain","volume":"74","author":"Dincer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00022375","article-title":"Oral meloxicam is effective in acute sciatica: two randomised, double-blind trials versus placebo or diclofenac","volume":"50","author":"Dreiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200207010-00010","article-title":"A pilot study on the recovery from paresis after lumbar disc herniation","volume":"27","author":"Dubourg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib73","first-page":"3109","article-title":"Acupuncture and sciatica in the acute phase. Double-blind study of 30 cases [in French]","volume":"59","author":"Duplan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Semaine des Hopitaux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib74","first-page":"147","article-title":"Double-blind study of the treatment of disc lumbosciatica by chemonucleolysis [in French]","volume":"53","author":"Feldman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000199917.04145.80","article-title":"Short-term efficacy of intravenous pulse glucocorticoids in acute discogenic sciatica. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Finckh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2423051934","article-title":"Sciatica: treatment with intradiscal and intraforaminal injections of steroid and oxygen-ozone versus steroid only","volume":"242","author":"Gallucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016451","article-title":"Efficacy of etanercept in the treatment of acute, severe sciatica: a pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Genevay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib78","first-page":"271","article-title":"Low-dose radiotherapy for the inhibition of peridural fibrosis after reexploratory nerve root decompression for postlaminectomy syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Gerszten","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12115-0","article-title":"Radiofrequency lesioning of dorsal root ganglia for chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Geurts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00097-4","article-title":"Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative to TENS in the management of sciatica","volume":"83","author":"Ghoname","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.3.0383","article-title":"The perioperative use of corticosteroids and bupivacaine in the management of lumbar disc disease","volume":"78","author":"Glasser","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199204000-00002","article-title":"Chymopapain\u2014a 10-year, double-blind-study","volume":"17","author":"Gogan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676808989446","article-title":"A clinical trial with indomethacin (indomee(R)) in low back pain and sciatica","volume":"39","author":"Goldie","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib84","first-page":"179","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis: a double blind study comparing chemonucleolysis with intra discal hydrocortisone: in the treatment of backache and sciatica","author":"Graham","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib85","first-page":"444","article-title":"Phenylbutazone in treatment of acute lumbago-sciatica","volume":"34","author":"Grevsten","year":"1975","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676808989446","article-title":"The cost-utility of lumbar disc herniation surgery","volume":"16","author":"Hansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03055.x","article-title":"Effects of using dexamethasone and placebo in the treatment of prolapsed lumbar disc","volume":"65","author":"Hedeboe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1985.tb07823.x","article-title":"Outpatient treatment of low pack pain and sciatica by a single extradural corticosteroid injection","volume":"39","author":"Helliwell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02187.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lornoxicam compared with placebo and diclofenac in acute sciatica\/lumbo-sciatica: an analysis from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group study","volume":"63","author":"Herrmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib90","first-page":"45","article-title":"Westeinde sciatica trial: randomized controlled study of bed rest and physiotherapy for acute sciatica","volume":"96","author":"Hofstee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2008.05.070220","article-title":"Oral steroids in initial treatment of acute sciatica","volume":"21","author":"Holve","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib92","first-page":"134","article-title":"Comparative study of the results obtained with discectomy and chemonucleolysis","volume":"42","author":"Hoogmartens","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330420035030","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of chymopapain (Chymodiactin) in herniated nucleus pulposus with sciatica. Results of a randomized, double-blind study","volume":"249","author":"Javid","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509150-00013","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis versus laminectomy\u2014a cohort comparison of effectiveness and Charges","volume":"20","author":"Javid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199605010-00016","article-title":"First-time operation for lumbar disc herniation with or without free fat transplantation. Prospective triple-blind randomized study with reference to clinical factors and enhanced computed tomographic scan 1 year after operation","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000257541.91728.a1","article-title":"Peridural methylprednisolone and wound infiltration with bupivacaine for postoperative pain control after posterior lumbar spine surgery\u2014a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Jirarattanaphochai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200105010-00015","article-title":"Periradicular infiltration for sciatica\u2014a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Karppinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000058944.38900.CE","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha monoclonal antibody, infliximab, used to manage severe sciatica","volume":"28","author":"Karppinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.08.002","article-title":"Topiramate in chronic lumbar radicular pain","volume":"6","author":"Khoromi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.10.029","article-title":"Morphine, nortriptyline and their combination vs. placebo in patients with chronic lumbar root pain","volume":"130","author":"Khoromi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000062354.26905.B8","article-title":"Reduction of radiculopathy and pain with Oxiplex\/SP gel after laminectomy, laminotomy, and discectomy: a pilot clinical study","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.051","article-title":"Targeted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic diskectomy in 295 patients: comparison with results of microscopic diskectomy","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/23.1.35","article-title":"Lumbar epidural injections in the treatment of sciatica","volume":"23","author":"Klenerman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib104","first-page":"474","article-title":"Effectiveness of conservative and surgical treatment of lumboisciadic syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Koranda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cas Lek Cesk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000190815.13764.64","article-title":"The treatment of disc herniation-induced sciatica with infliximab\u2014results of a randomized, controlled, 3-month follow-up study","volume":"30","author":"Korhonen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib106","first-page":"515","article-title":"Assessment of dexamethasone effectiveness in the treatment of ischalgia","volume":"27","author":"Kwasucki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib107","first-page":"42","article-title":"Evaluation of analgesic action of fluvoxamine compared with efficacy of imipramine and tramadol for treatment of sciatica\u2013open trial","volume":"55","author":"Kwasucki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib108","first-page":"96","article-title":"Comparative results of surgery and nucleolysis in 1085 cases of herniated lumbar disc","volume":"37","author":"Lagarrigue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib109","first-page":"539","article-title":"Comparison of epidural steroid injections with conservative management in patients with lumbar radiculopathy","volume":"19","author":"Laiq","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678008990875","article-title":"Auto traction for treatment of lumbago sciatica: a multicenter controlled investigation","volume":"51","author":"Larsson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib111","first-page":"244","article-title":"Comparative study of surgery and chemonucleolysis in the treatment of sciatica caused by a herniated disk [in French]","volume":"53","author":"Lavignolle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib112","first-page":"49","article-title":"Comparison of percutaneous manual and endoscopic laser diskectomy with chemonucleolysis and automated nucleotomy","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678008990875","article-title":"Comparative radiologic evaluation of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy and open microdiscectomy: a matched cohort analysis","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2340\/165019771977197023742","article-title":"Physical therapy on low back pain and sciatica. An attempt at evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Lidstrom","year":"1970","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/09593989209108104","article-title":"Manual traction versus isometric exercises in patients with herniated intervertebral lumbar discs","volume":"8","author":"Ljunggren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiother Theor Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0569-6","article-title":"Physical therapy plus general practitioners' care versus general practitioners' care alone for sciatica: a randomised clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Luijsterburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0554-7","article-title":"The effect of perioperative corticosteroids on the outcome of microscopic lumbar disc surgery","volume":"12","author":"Lundin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199508150-00008","article-title":"The effect of interposition membrane on the outcome of lumbar laminectomy and diskectomy","volume":"20","author":"Mackay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/26.6.416","article-title":"Back pain and sciatica: controlled trials of manipulation, traction, sclerosant and epidural injections","volume":"26","author":"Mathews","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.78.2.0216","article-title":"Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy\u2014surgical technique and preliminary-results compared to microsurgical discectomy","volume":"78","author":"Mayer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1356-689X(98)80049-0","article-title":"Design and feasibility of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of vertical traction in patients with a lumbar radicular syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Moret","year":"1998","journal-title":"Manual Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199204000-00001","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of chemonucleolysis and conventional disc surgery in single level lumbar disc herniation","volume":"17","author":"Muralikuttan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b1fb96","article-title":"Clinical study of low back pain and radicular pain pathways by using l2 spinal nerve root infiltration: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Murata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000144839.65524.E0","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"North","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198606000-00008","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis versus surgical discectomy. Comparison of costs and results in workers' compensation claimants","volume":"11","author":"Norton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000239178.08796.52","article-title":"Effectiveness of microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a randomized controlled trial with 2 years of follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Osterman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0035-x","article-title":"Effect of continuous lumbar traction on the size of herniated disc material in lumbar disc herniation","volume":"26","author":"Ozturk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peul WC, van Houwelingen HC, van Den Hout WB, Brand R, Eekhof JA, Tans JT; Leiden-The Hague Spine Intervention Prognostic Study Group, et al. Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2245\u201356.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa064039"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib129","first-page":"640","article-title":"Epidural injections of steroids in the treatment of patients with chronic sciatica in discopathy","volume":"25","author":"Popiolek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/03009747909114446","article-title":"Prolapsed lumbar disc treated with intramuscularly administered dexamethasone phosphate. A prospectively planned, double-blind, controlled clinical trial in 52 patients","volume":"8","author":"Porsman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198703000-00003","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis versus surgery in lumbar disc herniations: correlation of the results to preoperative clinical pattern and size of the herniation","volume":"12","author":"Postacchini","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta9330","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and safety of epidural steroids in the management of sciatica","volume":"9","author":"Price","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181833903","article-title":"Epidural steroid following discectomy for herniated lumbar disc reduces neurological impairment and enhances recovery: a randomized study with two-year follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib134","first-page":"S272","article-title":"Effectiveness of lumbar traction with routine conservative treatment in acute herniated disc syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Rattanatharn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib135","first-page":"271","article-title":"Treatment of lumbar sciatica with or without neurological deficit using mechanical traction. A double-blind study","volume":"118","author":"Reust","year":"1988","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199301000-00001","article-title":"Automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy versus chemonucleolysis in the treatment of sciatica\u2014a randomized multicenter trial","volume":"18","author":"Revel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib137","first-page":"179","article-title":"Results of applying ADCON-L gel after lumbar discectomy: the German ADCON-L study","volume":"95","author":"Richter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/27.4.295","article-title":"Outpatient lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection in the management of sciatica","volume":"27","author":"Ridley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0805-8","article-title":"Peridural scar and its relation to clinical outcome: a randomised study on surgically treated lumbar disc herniation patients","volume":"17","author":"R\u00f6nnberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.001","article-title":"Chiropractic manipulation in the treatment of acute back pain and sciatica with disc protrusion: a randomized double-blind clinical trial of active and simulated spinal manipulations","volume":"6","author":"Santilli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.45.6.0622","article-title":"Double blind evaluation of intradiscal chymopapain for herniated lumbar discs; early results","volume":"45","author":"Schwetschenau","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199202000-00010","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of extended conservative therapy versus surgical intervention in the management of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc","volume":"17","author":"Shvartzman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3109\/17453677708994810","article-title":"Double-blind evaluation of extradural methyl prednisolone for herniated lumbar discs","volume":"48","author":"Snoek","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60017-3_22","article-title":"Laser discotomy\/chemonucleolysis ini the therapy of displaced lumbal intervertebral disc\u2014prospective randomised comparison","volume":"271","author":"Steffen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hefte zur der Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib145","first-page":"169","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis with chymopapain in intervertebral-disk Hernia\u2014a randomized comparative-study of patients following surgery","volume":"33","author":"Stula","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib146","first-page":"275","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of\u00a0the effectiveness of traction treatment of patients with herniation of lumbar intervertebral discs","volume":"29","author":"Styczynski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reumatologia (Warsaw)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2006.24.694","article-title":"Comparison of results of 500 microdiscectomies and 500 percutaneous laser disc decompression procedures for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"24","author":"Tassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B3.1670454","article-title":"Chymopapain versus conventional surgery for lumbar disc herniation. 10-year results of treatment","volume":"73","author":"Tregonning","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib149","first-page":"111","article-title":"Clinical assessment of a novel antiadhesion barrier gel: prospective, randomized, multicenter, clinical trial of ADCON-L to inhibit postoperative peridural fibrosis and related symptoms after lumbar discectomy","volume":"27","author":"de Tribolet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2008.02.001","article-title":"Comparison of 3 physical therapy modalities for acute pain in lumbar disc herniation measured by clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"31","author":"Unlu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00005","article-title":"Transforaminal epidural steroid injections in lumbosacral radiculopathy: a prospective randomized study","volume":"27","author":"Vad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.7.639","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: a randomised, double blind, controlled clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Valat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.70.6.0869","article-title":"Chemonucleolysis versus discectomy: a randomized multicenter trial","volume":"70","author":"van Alphen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-006-1032-y","article-title":"Epidural neuroplasty versus physiotherapy to relieve pain in patients with sciatica: a prospective randomized blinded clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Veihelmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400602","article-title":"Lack of effectiveness of bed rest for sciatica","volume":"340","author":"Vroomen","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198803000-00025","article-title":"Treatment of the isolated lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: microdiscectomy versus chemonucleolysis","volume":"13","author":"Watters","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.42.4.0397","article-title":"Comparison of intervertebral disc disease treatment by chymopapain injection and open surgery","volume":"42","author":"Watts","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00003","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation. A controlled, prospective study with ten years of observation","volume":"8","author":"Weber","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s004820050082","article-title":"Acupuncture together with cytokine depressing herbs in comparison to injection therapy with steroids in sciatic pain","volume":"11","author":"Wehling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2441","article-title":"Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): a randomized trial","volume":"296","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.20.2451","article-title":"Surgical vs nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) observational cohort","volume":"296","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668010-00006","article-title":"Lumbar disc herniation. A comparison of the results of chemonucleolysis and open discectomy after ten years","volume":"68","author":"Weinstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1163\/156856903767650718","article-title":"The effectiveness of gabapentin in patients with chronic radiculopathy","volume":"15","author":"Yildirim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198710000-00016","article-title":"Comparison of chemonucleolysis and microsurgical discectomy for the treatment of herniated lumbar disc","volume":"12","author":"Zeiger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256734.34238.e7","article-title":"Assessment: use of epidural steroid injections to treat radicular lumbosacral pain: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"68","author":"Armon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a103b1","article-title":"Nonsurgical interventional therapies for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"34","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, D'Amico R, Sowden AJ, Sakarovitch C, Song F; International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group; European Carotid Surgery Trial Collaborative Group, et al. Evaluating nonrandomised intervention studies. Health Technol Assess 2003;7:iii\u2013iix. 1\u2013173.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta7270"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2008.00547.x","article-title":"Bias modelling in evidence synthesis","volume":"172","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9001000104","article-title":"An introduction to Bayesian methods for meta-analysis: the confidence profile method","volume":"10","author":"Eddy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib170","series-title":"Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-analysis in Context","first-page":"211","article-title":"Systematic reviews of observational studies","author":"Egger","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.08.017","article-title":"A systematic review identifies a lack of standardization in methods for handling missing variance data","volume":"59","author":"Wiebe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib172","series-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Version 5.0.2","author":"Higgins","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq248","article-title":"A proposed method of bias adjustment for meta-analyses of published observational studies","volume":"40","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943013014976?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943013014976?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T01:37:27Z","timestamp":1688521047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943013014976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943013014976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.049","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}