{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:51:14Z","timestamp":1761519074282,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1384204588000},"page":"263-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Lumbar surgery in work-related chronic low back pain: can a continuum of care enhance outcomes?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tom G.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Gatchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1239-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Brede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31820cccfb","article-title":"Spinal fusion in the United States: analysis of trends from 1998 to 2008","volume":"37","author":"Rajaee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318215f7d0","article-title":"Point of view: in response to spinal fusion in the United States: analysis of trends from 1998 to 2008","volume":"37","author":"Deyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb031771","article-title":"Spinal-fusion surgery \u2014 the case for restraint","volume":"350","author":"Deyo","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.07.034","article-title":"A fair and balanced view of spine fusion surgery","volume":"4","author":"Errico","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31823dccc0","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendations for spine surgery","volume":"37","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ccc220","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of lumbar fusion among workers' compensation subjects: a historical cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000244589.13674.11","article-title":"Lumbar fusion outcomes in Washington State workers' compensation","volume":"31","author":"Juratli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"year":"2008","series-title":"Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers, 2008 revision","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib8"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"2012 official disability guidelines","author":"Denniston","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104010-00007","article-title":"Outcomes of posterolateral lumbar fusion in Utah patients receiving workers' compensation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"DeBerard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.03.018","article-title":"Presurgical biopsychosocial variables predict medical, compensation, and aggregate costs of lumbar discectomy in Utah workers' compensation patients","volume":"11","author":"DeBerard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803010-00013","article-title":"Socioeconomic outcomes of combined spine surgery and functional restoration in workers' compensation spinal disorders with matched controls","volume":"23","author":"Mayer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cre1006oa","article-title":"Perceived pain and satisfaction with medical rehabilitation after hospital discharge","volume":"20","author":"Berg\u00e9s","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199111040-00005","article-title":"Rehabilitation following knee surgery. Recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Paulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5604\/15093492.955721","article-title":"Current concepts in the treatment of cartilage lesions with special regard to the knee joint","volume":"13","author":"Widuchowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815cb212","article-title":"Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee with microfracture and rehabilitation","volume":"40","author":"Yen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-1047-7","article-title":"Work-related outcome assessment instruments","volume":"15","author":"Elfering","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000206362.03950.5b","article-title":"Emotional health predicts pain and function after fusion: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"31","author":"Trief","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-1045-9","article-title":"Predictors of surgical outcome and their assessment","volume":"15","author":"Mannion","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0884-8","article-title":"Lumbar spinal fusion patients' demands to the primary health sector: evaluation of three rehabilitation protocols. A prospective randomized study","volume":"15","author":"Soegaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib21","series-title":"Psychological approaches to pain management: a practitioner's handbook","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain","author":"Turk","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.8.795","article-title":"Comorbidity of chronic pain and mental health disorders: the biopsychosocial perspective","volume":"59","author":"Gatchel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"year":"2003","series-title":"The psychology of spine surgery","author":"Block","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib23"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199810010-00014","article-title":"Should extended disability be an exclusion criterion for tertiary rehabilitation? Socioeconomic outcomes of early versus late functional restoration in compensation spinal disorders","volume":"23","author":"Jordan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198507000-00002","article-title":"Objective assessment of spine function following industrial injury. A prospective study with comparison group and one-year follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400130077037","article-title":"A prospective two-year study of functional restoration in industrial low back injury: an objective assessment procedure","volume":"258","author":"Mayer","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"year":"1988","series-title":"Functional restoration for spinal disorders: the sports medicine approach","author":"Mayer","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib27"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3182546daf","article-title":"Comparison of chronic occupational upper extremity versus lumbar disorders for differential disability-related outcomes and predictor variables","volume":"54","author":"Howard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199909000-00008","article-title":"Outcomes comparison of\u00a0treatment for chronic disabling work-related upper-extremity disorders and spinal disorders","volume":"41","author":"Mayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199901150-00020","article-title":"Outcomes of disabling cervical spine disorders in compensation injuries: a prospective comparison to tertiary rehabilitation response for chronic lumbar spinal disorders","volume":"24","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a1390d","article-title":"Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society","volume":"34","author":"Chou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182191e13","article-title":"Multidisciplinary intensive functional restoration versus outpatient active physiotherapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Roche-Leboucher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib33","series-title":"Orthopedic knowledge update: spine 4","first-page":"161","article-title":"The interdisciplinary treatment of the patient with chronic pain","author":"Mayer","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198902000-00003","article-title":"Functional restoration with behavioral support. A one-year prospective study of patients with chronic low-back pain","volume":"14","author":"Hazard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199511000-00015","article-title":"Spine update. Functional restoration","volume":"20","author":"Hazard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(86)90007-2","article-title":"A prospective short-term study of chronic low back pain patients utilizing novel objective functional measurement","volume":"25","author":"Mayer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.63.1.62","article-title":"Multidisciplinary intensive treatment for chronic low back pain: a randomized, prospective study","volume":"63","author":"Bendix","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199705010-00011","article-title":"Prediction of success from a multidisciplinary treatment program for chronic low back pain","volume":"22","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000102320.35490.43","article-title":"Effects of functional restoration versus 3 hours per week physical therapy: a randomized controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Jousset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318133fc92","article-title":"A review of 1985 Volvo award winner in clinical science: objective assessment of spine function following industrial injury: a prospective study with comparison group and 1-year follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Rainville","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00208-5","article-title":"Impact of functional restoration after anterior cervical fusion on chronic disability in work-related neck pain","volume":"2","author":"Mayer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006","article-title":"The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). II. Multisite test-retest reliability","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005","article-title":"The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: history, rationale, and description","volume":"49","author":"Spitzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200205000-00014","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic work-related musculoskeletal pain disability","volume":"44","author":"Dersh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01186280","article-title":"Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory","volume":"11","author":"Kendall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.40.5.449","article-title":"Evaluation of low back pain and assessment of lumbar corsets with and without back supports","volume":"40","author":"Million","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000061989.94487.9B","article-title":"The Million Visual Analog Scale: its utility for predicting tertiary rehabilitation outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02968","article-title":"High pain ratings predict treatment failure in chronic occupational musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"88","author":"McGeary","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198407)40:4<909::AID-JCLP2270400407>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Self-report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients","volume":"40","author":"Turner","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib51","series-title":"Occupational musculoskeletal medicine","article-title":"Socioeconomic outcomes following treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disorders: methodology and data collection","author":"Mayer","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib52","series-title":"Occupational musculoskeletal disorders","article-title":"Objective outcome evaluation: methods and evidence","author":"Mayer","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.02.010","article-title":"Failure to complete a functional restoration program for chronic musculoskeletal disorders: a prospective 1-year outcome study","volume":"86","author":"Proctor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.11.009","article-title":"Patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorder failing to complete functional restoration: analysis of treatment-resistant personality characteristics","volume":"90","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib56","first-page":"829","article-title":"Risk of recurrence of occupational back pain over three year follow up","volume":"45","author":"Abenhaim","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199604150-00009","article-title":"Recurrent or new injury outcomes after return to work in chronic disabling spinal disorders: tertiary prevention efficacy of functional restoration treatment","volume":"21","author":"Garcy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818096d1","article-title":"Prescription opioid dependence is associated with poorer outcomes in disabling spinal disorders","volume":"33","author":"Dersh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00012","article-title":"Patterns and trends in opioid use among individuals with back pain in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318160455c","article-title":"Early opioid prescription and subsequent disability among workers with back injuries: the disability risk identification study cohort","volume":"33","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318145a731","article-title":"Relationship between early opioid prescribing for acute occupational low back pain and disability duration, medical costs, subsequent surgery and late opioid use","volume":"32","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00286","article-title":"Higher opioid doses predict poorer functional outcome in patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"91","author":"Kidner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200401000-00011","article-title":"Unremitting health-care-utilization outcomes of tertiary rehabilitation of patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"86","author":"Proctor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041_bib64","series-title":"Rothman-Simone the spine","first-page":"1912","article-title":"Functional restoration","author":"Mayer","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152994301301646X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S152994301301646X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T18:22:54Z","timestamp":1539195774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S152994301301646X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S152994301301646X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1529-9430"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}}}