{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T02:29:41Z","timestamp":1778552981215,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Chiropractic Mutual Insurance Company"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402407-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402407-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","thespinejournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T18:15:07Z","timestamp":1513361707000},"page":"682-690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Investigation of the passive mechanical properties of spine muscles following disruption of the thoracolumbar fascia and erector spinae aponeurosis, as well as facet injury in a rat"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Derek P.","family":"Zwambag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark B.","family":"Hurtig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Vernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen H.M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)00035-6","article-title":"Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain","volume":"11","author":"Cholewicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(92)90004-N","article-title":"Euler stability of the human ligamentous lumbar spine. Part II: experiment","volume":"7","author":"Crisco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.05.008","article-title":"Decreasing the required lumbar extensor moment induces earlier onset of flexion relaxation","volume":"30","author":"Zwambag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22094","article-title":"Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix","volume":"44","author":"Gillies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.10.044","article-title":"Elucidation of extracellular matrix mechanics from muscle fibres and fibre bundles","volume":"44","author":"Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200509364","article-title":"Isoform diversity of giant proteins in relation to passive and active contractile properties of rabbit skeletal muscles","volume":"126","author":"Prado","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052120203","article-title":"Functional morphology of the endomysium in series fibred muscles","volume":"212","author":"Trotter","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00186-9","article-title":"Muscle as a collagen fibre reinforced composite: a review of force transmission in muscle and whole limb","volume":"32","author":"Huijing","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12608","article-title":"Effects of epimuscular myofascial force transmission on sarcomere length of passive muscle in the rat hindlimb","volume":"3","author":"Tijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1666","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31821847b3","article-title":"Psoas muscle architectural design, in vivo sarcomere length range, and passive tensile properties support its role as a lumbar spine stabilizer","volume":"36","author":"Regev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01311","article-title":"Architectural analysis and intraoperative measurements demonstrate the unique design of the multifidus muscle for lumbar spine stability","volume":"91","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02421","article-title":"Changes in rotator cuff muscle volume, fat content, and passive mechanics after chronic detachment in a canine model","volume":"87","author":"Safran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22646","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fibrosis and stiffness increase after rotator cuff tendon injury and neuromuscular compromise in a rat model","volume":"32","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101038","article-title":"Intramuscular connective tissue differences in spastic and control muscle: a mechanical and histological study","volume":"9","author":"de Bruin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10247","article-title":"Spastic muscle cells are shorter and stiffer than normal cells","volume":"27","author":"Frid\u00e9n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.01.002","article-title":"Muscle and fascicle excursion in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"29","author":"Matthiasdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318212b44b","article-title":"ISSLS prize winner: adaptions to the multifidus muscle in response to experimentally induced intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002132","article-title":"Paraspinal muscle stiffness remodels in direct response to spine stiffness: a study using the ENT1 deficient mouse","author":"Gsell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199304000-00009","article-title":"Local denervation atrophy of paraspinal muscles in postoperative failed back syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Sihvonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1191-6","article-title":"Multifidus muscle changes and clinical effects of one-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion: minimally invasive procedure versus conventional open approach","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.4.646","article-title":"Postoperative changes in paraspinal muscle volume: comparison between paramedian interfascial and midline approaches for lumbar fusion","volume":"22","author":"Hyun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196850050-00004","article-title":"The paraspinal sacrospinalis-splitting approach to the lumbar spine","volume":"50","author":"Wiltse","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5010-1","article-title":"Comparison of pedicle fixation by the Wiltse approach and the conventional posterior open approach for thoracolumbar fractures, using MRI, histological and electrophysiological analyses of the multifidus muscles","volume":"26","author":"Junhui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0125","first-page":"525","article-title":"A reappraisal of the anatomy of the human lumbar erector spinae","volume":"131","author":"Bogduk","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01511.x","article-title":"The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function, and clinical considerations","volume":"221","author":"Willard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147393","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of the combined effects of thoracolumbar fascia injury and movement restriction in a porcine model","volume":"11","author":"Bishop","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01607","article-title":"Effect and possible mechanism of muscle-splitting approach on multifidus muscle injury and atrophy after posterior lumbar spine surgery","volume":"95","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4247-9","article-title":"Effect of pure muscle retraction on multifidus injury and atrophy after posterior lumbar spine surgery with 24 weeks observation in a rabbit model","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C889","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00383.2013","article-title":"Collagen content does not alter the passive mechanical properties of fibrotic skeletal muscle in mdx mice","volume":"306","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.02.004","article-title":"The lumbar multifidus: does evidence support clinical beliefs?","volume":"11","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1179\/1743288X15Y.0000000014","article-title":"Lumbar posture biomechanics and its influence on the functional anatomy of the erector spinae and multifidus","volume":"20","author":"Mawston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36542","article-title":"The lumbar zygapophyseal (facet) joints: a role in the pathogenesis of spinal pain syndromes and degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"22","author":"Berven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.01.007","article-title":"Nociceptive input from the rat thoracolumbar fascia to lumbar dorsal horn neurones","volume":"15","author":"Hoheisel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/127636","article-title":"Lumbar facet joint compressive injury induces lasting changes in local structure, nociceptive scores, and inflammatory mediators in a novel rat model","volume":"2012","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Res Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540305100104","article-title":"Simultaneous imaging and functional assessment of cytoskeletal protein connections in passively loaded single muscle cells","volume":"51","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.09.042","article-title":"Passive mechanical properties of the lumbar multifidus muscle support its role as a stabilizer","volume":"42","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(90)90103-X","article-title":"Architecture of selected wrist flexor and extensor muscles","volume":"15","author":"Lieber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80538-7","article-title":"Passive and active tension in single cardiac myofibrils","volume":"67","author":"Linke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B2.2312572","article-title":"The effect of tenotomy and immobilization on intramuscular connective tissue. A morphometric and microscopic study in rat calf muscles","volume":"72B","author":"J\u00f3zsa","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091920105","article-title":"Changes in length of sarcomeres following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle","volume":"192","author":"Baker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1965.sp007630","article-title":"Some observations on the effects of tenotomy in the rabbit","volume":"178","author":"Buller","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2820237","article-title":"Myosin heavy-chain composition in striated muscle after tenotomy","volume":"282","author":"Jakubiec-Puka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(99)00010-3","article-title":"Fibre type characteristics and function of the human paraspinal muscles: normal values and changes in association with low back pain","volume":"9","author":"Mannion","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90011-0","article-title":"Is limb immobilization a model of muscle disuse?","volume":"80","author":"Fournier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880110302","article-title":"Differential response of the dog quadriceps muscle to external skeletal fixation of the knee","volume":"11","author":"Lieber","year":"1988","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(86)90146-4","article-title":"The morphology of the human lumbar multifidus","volume":"1","author":"Macintosh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943017312159?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943017312159?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T10:26:45Z","timestamp":1603535205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943017312159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943017312159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Investigation of the passive mechanical properties of spine muscles following disruption of the thoracolumbar fascia and erector spinae aponeurosis, as well as facet injury in a rat","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.12.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}