{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:41:29Z","timestamp":1792784489810,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stryker Spine, Kalamazoo, MI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","thespinejournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T13:27:40Z","timestamp":1519651660000},"page":"1250-1260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["Bony ingrowth potential of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy: a direct comparison of interbody cage materials in an in vivo ovine lumbar fusion model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk C.","family":"McGilvray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Easley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard B.","family":"Seim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurd H.","family":"Berven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wellington K.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Mroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Puttlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E618","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a9beab","article-title":"A meta-analysis of circumferential fusion versus instrumented posterolateral fusion in the lumbar spine","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181573b2d","article-title":"Circumferential fusion is dominant over posterolateral fusion in a long-term perspective: cost-utility evaluation of a randomized controlled trial in severe, chronic low back pain","volume":"32","author":"Soegaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19880601-13","article-title":"Arthrodesis by the distraction-compression method using a stainless-steel implant","volume":"11","author":"Bagby","year":"1988","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12098","article-title":"Spine interbody implants: material selection and modification, functionalization and bioactivation of surfaces to improve osseointegration","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.02.002","article-title":"Osteoblasts exhibit a more differentiated phenotype and increased bone morphogenetic protein production on titanium alloy substrates than on poly-ether-ether-ketone","volume":"12","author":"Olivares-Navarrete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000778","article-title":"Implant materials generate different peri-implant inflammatory factors: poly-ether-ether-ketone promotes fibrosis and microtextured titanium promotes osteogenic factors","volume":"40","author":"Olivares-Navarrete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1146","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001672","article-title":"Evaluating osseointegration into a deeply porous titanium scaffold: a biomechanical comparison with PEEK and allograft","volume":"41","author":"Guyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3181af3a84","article-title":"Outcomes of interbody fusion cages used in 1 and 2-levels anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: titanium cages versus polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages","volume":"23","author":"Niu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2458-x","article-title":"An analysis of fusion cage migration in unilateral and bilateral fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"22","author":"Duncan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.03.047","article-title":"Rough titanium alloys regulate osteoblast production of angiogenic factors","volume":"13","author":"Olivares-Navarrete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4025854","article-title":"An in vivo ovine model of bone tissue alterations in simulated microgravity conditions","volume":"136","author":"Gadomski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.07.031","article-title":"Partial gravity unloading inhibits bone healing responses in a large animal model","volume":"47","author":"Gadomski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0070","article-title":"An analysis of spine fusion outcomes in sheep pre-clinical models","author":"Lindley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.06.034","article-title":"Evaluation of a PEEK titanium composite interbody spacer in an ovine lumbar interbody fusion model: a biomechanical, micro-computed tomography, and histologic analyses","author":"McGilvray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E208","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31826851a4","article-title":"PEEK versus Ti interbody fusion devices: resultant fusion, bone apposition, initial and 26-week biomechanics","volume":"29","author":"Pelletier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.07.017","article-title":"PEEK-Halo effect in interbody fusion","volume":"24","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12153","article-title":"Porous titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium cage has better osseointegration and less micromotion than a poly-ether-ether-ketone cage in sheep vertebral fusion","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.12.030","article-title":"The electron beam deposition of titanium on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and the resulting enhanced biological properties","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.05.017","article-title":"Optimizing surface characteristics for cell adhesion and proliferation on titanium plasma spray coatings on polyetheretherketone","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2009.02.115","article-title":"Investigation of hydroxyapatite coated polyether ether ketone composites by gas plasma sprays","volume":"203","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surf Coat Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.07.028","article-title":"In vitro apatite formation and its growth kinetics on hydroxyapatite\/polyetheretherketone biocomposites","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0115","first-page":"487","article-title":"Nanostructured metal coatings on polymers increase osteoblast attachment","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018535923173","article-title":"Surface activation of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and formation of calcium phosphate coatings by precipitation","volume":"8","author":"Ha","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12264","article-title":"Advances in spinal interbody cages","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.09.038","article-title":"Does impaction of titanium-coated interbody fusion cages into the disc space cause wear debris or delamination?","volume":"16","author":"Kienle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00443-6","article-title":"The effect of spinal instrumentation particulate wear debris: an in vivo rabbit model and applied clinical study of retrieved instrumentation cases","volume":"3","author":"Cunningham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209150-00004","article-title":"The effect of titanium particulate on development and maintenance of a posterolateral spinal arthrodesis: an in vivo rabbit model","volume":"27","author":"Cunningham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2007.1.1.1","article-title":"Electron microprobe analysis and tissue reaction around titanium alloy spinal implants","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2007.00077.x","article-title":"Evaluations of bone tissue integration to pure and alloyed titanium implants","volume":"10","author":"Stenport","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Implant Dent Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0155","first-page":"384","article-title":"Osseointegration of rough acid-etched titanium implants: 5-year follow-up of 100 minimatic implants","volume":"14","author":"De Leonardis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.030","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages in cervical applications: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kersten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.06.062","article-title":"Titanium vs. polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody fusion: meta-analysis and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Seaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.12.001","article-title":"The in vitro response of human osteoblasts to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) substrates compared to commercially pure titanium","volume":"29","author":"Sagomonyants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2016.01.024","article-title":"Computational comparison of three posterior lumbar interbody fusion techniques by using porous titanium interbody cages with 50% porosity","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/328943","article-title":"In vivo osseointegration performance of titanium dioxide coating modified polyetheretherketone using arc ion plating for spinal implant application","author":"Tsou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0185","series-title":"Animal physiology: adaptation and environment","author":"Schmidt-Nielsen","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0485-9","article-title":"Are the spines of calf, pig and sheep suitable models for pre-clinical implant tests?","volume":"16","author":"Kettler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v013a01","article-title":"Animal models for implant biomaterial research in bone: a review","volume":"13","author":"Pearce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1192-5","article-title":"Anatomy of large animal spines and its comparison to the human spine: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199710150-00009","article-title":"Are sheep spines a valid biomechanical model for human spines?","volume":"22","author":"Wilke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199704)247:4<542::AID-AR13>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Anatomy of the sheep spine and its comparison to the human spine","volume":"247","author":"Wilke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat Rec"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943018300767?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943018300767?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T14:49:01Z","timestamp":1603896541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943018300767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943018300767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bony ingrowth potential of 3D-printed porous titanium alloy: a direct comparison of interbody cage materials in an in vivo ovine lumbar fusion model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}