{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:04:44Z","timestamp":1786997084213,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Center","award":["UL1 TR001085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001085"]}]},{"name":"Advancing Translational Science Clinical and Translational Science"},{"name":"internal Stanford funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thespinejournalonline.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,19]],"date-time":"2020-06-19T04:45:24Z","timestamp":1592541924000},"page":"1729-1736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cervical epidural steroid injections: incidence and determinants of subsequent surgery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6376-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Kleimeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayme C.B.","family":"Koltsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Smuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirkham B.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena S.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0258-2","article-title":"Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection for neck pain and cervical radiculopathy: effect and prognostic factors","volume":"36","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304347","article-title":"Outcome of cervical radiculopathy treated with periradicular\/epidural corticosteroid injections: a prospective study with independent clinical review","volume":"5","author":"Bush","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31823b4d1f","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of cervical radiculopathy following epidural steroid injection","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0142-8","article-title":"Transforaminal steroid injections for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a prospective and randomised study","volume":"16","author":"Anderberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/465","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, active control trial of fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in chronic pain of cervical disc herniation: results of a 2-year follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000409","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections, conservative treatment, or combination treatment for cervical radicular pain: a multicenter, randomized, comparative-effectiveness study","volume":"121","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00341","article-title":"The impact of epidural steroid injections on the outcomes of patients treated for lumbar disc herniation: a subgroup analysis of the SPORT trial","volume":"94","author":"Radcliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.014611","article-title":"Transforaminal epidural steroid injections prevent the need for surgery in patients with sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective case series","volume":"56","author":"Manson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.10.011","article-title":"Epidural injections in prevention of surgery for spinal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Bicket","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200011000-00012","article-title":"The effect of nerve-root injections on the need for operative treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study","volume":"82-A","author":"Riew","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg - Am Vol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690701434634","article-title":"Efficacy and durability of fluoroscopically guided cervical nerve root block","volume":"21","author":"Razzaq","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-005-0542-2","article-title":"Transforaminal steroid injections in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. A prospective outcome study","volume":"147","author":"Kolstad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.06.011","article-title":"Translaminar cervical epidural steroid injection: short-term results and factors influencing outcome","volume":"18","author":"Strub","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181951890","article-title":"MRI prediction of therapeutic response to epidural steroid injection in patients with cervical radiculopathy","volume":"88","author":"Fish","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0015","series-title":"White Paper","article-title":"The truven health marketscan databases for life sciences researchers","author":"Hansen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f7a943","article-title":"Utility of a combined current procedural terminology and International classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification code algorithm in classifying cervical spine surgery for degenerative changes","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Clinical Modification 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0018","series-title":"Current Procedural Terminology","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.00301","article-title":"Predicting occurrence of spine surgery complications using \u201cBig Data\u201d modeling of an administrative claims database","volume":"98","author":"Ratliff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(92)90133-8","article-title":"Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases","volume":"45","author":"Deyo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03765.x","article-title":"Cervical epidural steroid injection for cervicobrachialgia","volume":"37","author":"Stav","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-198906000-00003","article-title":"Long term results of cervical epidural steroid injections.pdf","volume":"5","author":"Cicala","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90104-7","article-title":"Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic cervical spondylotic radicular pain: a retrospective analysis with independent clinical review","volume":"81","author":"Slipman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200406000-00007","article-title":"Therapeutic selective nerve root block in the nonsurgical treatment of traumatically induced cervical spondylotic radicular pain","volume":"83","author":"Slipman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med & Rehabil\/Assoc Acad Physiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0026","first-page":"441","article-title":"Cervical radiculopathy: open study on percutaneous periradicular foraminal steroid infiltration performed under CT control in 30 patients","volume":"25","author":"Cyteval","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2014.992950","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections in the management of cervical disc herniations with radiculopathy","volume":"44","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0028","series-title":"Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","author":"Bogduk","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0029","first-page":"S49","article-title":"An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations","volume":"16","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E906","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001999","article-title":"Trends in utilization and cost of cervical spine surgery using the National Inpatient Sample Database, 2001 to 2013","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4131","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004131","article-title":"Can repeat injection provide clinical benefit in patients with cervical disc herniation and stenosis when the first epidural injection results only in partial response?","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S383","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.163958","article-title":"Unnecessary multiple epidural steroid injections delay surgery for massive lumbar disc: case discussion and review","volume":"6","author":"Epstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2017.08.012","article-title":"Safety and complications of cervical epidural steroid injections","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0631-z","article-title":"Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions. Results of the bone and joint decade 2000 \u20132010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders","volume":"17","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.10.023","article-title":"An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders","volume":"11","author":"Bono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5373.1607","article-title":"Natural history and prognosis of cervical spondylosis","volume":"2","author":"Lees","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199704010-00007","article-title":"Long-lasting cervical radicular pain managed with surgery, physiotherapy, or a cervical collar. A prospective, randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Persson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199608150-00008","article-title":"Nonoperative management of herniated cervical intervertebral disc with radiculopathy","volume":"21","author":"Saal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943020307932?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943020307932?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T17:48:27Z","timestamp":1718473707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943020307932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943020307932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cervical epidural steroid injections: incidence and determinants of subsequent surgery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.06.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}