{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:15:43Z","timestamp":1793855743889,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014746","name":"Cambridge Conservation Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014TC16RFCB046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014TC16RFCB046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thespinejournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T12:41:34Z","timestamp":1626352894000},"page":"174-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Early bone ingrowth and segmental stability of a trussed titanium cage versus a polyether ether ketone cage in an ovine lumbar interbody fusion model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-0758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjan C.Y.","family":"Loenen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marloes J.M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond T.J.","family":"Bevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Schaffrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Els","family":"van Haver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent M.J.I.","family":"Cuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0286-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Rademakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"van Rietbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobus J.","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.09.021","article-title":"The influence of subgroup diagnosis on radiographic and clinical outcomes after lumbar fusion for degenerative disc disorders revisited: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Bhalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.06.062","article-title":"Titanium vs. polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody fusion: Meta-analysis and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Seaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00274","article-title":"Osteoconductive enhancement of polyether ether ketone: a mild covalent surface modification approach","volume":"1","author":"Kassick","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Applied Bio Materials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12098","article-title":"Spine interbody implants: material selection and modification, functionalization and bioactivation of surfaces to improve osseointegration","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199803010-00020","article-title":"Spine update lumbar interbody cages","volume":"23","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(03)00145-1","article-title":"Bilateral implantation of low-profile interbody fusion cages: subsidence, lordosis, and fusion analysis","volume":"3","author":"Schiffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0007","first-page":"557","article-title":"Complications in the use of rhBMP-2 in PEEK cages for interbody spinal fusions","volume":"21","author":"Vaidya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c4baf5","article-title":"Fusion rates and subsidence of morselized local bone grafted in titanium cages in posterior lumbar interbody fusion using quantitative three-dimensional computed tomography scans","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.10.015","article-title":"Accelerating lumbar fusions by combining rhBMP-2 with allograft bone: a prospective analysis of interbody fusion rates and clinical outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Slosar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01485","article-title":"Six-year outcomes of anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis with use of interbody fusion cages and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2","volume":"91","author":"Burkus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5 Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0011","first-page":"ONS423","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the safety profile of bone morphogenetic protein in spine surgery","volume":"62","author":"Benglis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0012","first-page":"W128","article-title":"Radiographic and CT evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2-assisted spinal interbody fusion","volume":"197","author":"Sethi","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B3.18270","article-title":"Interbody fusion with allograft and rhBMP-2 leads to consistent fusion but early subsidence","volume":"89","author":"Vaidya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.094","article-title":"Metallic powder-bed based 3D printing of cellular scaffolds for orthopaedic implants: A state-of-the-art review on manufacturing, topological design, mechanical properties and biocompatibility","volume":"76","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"423","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam8828","article-title":"Mechanobiologically optimized 3D titanium-mesh scaffolds enhance bone regeneration in critical segmental defects in sheep","volume":"10","author":"Pobloth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.10.051","article-title":"Ex vivo loading of trussed implants for spine fusion induces heterogeneous strains consistent with homeostatic bone mechanobiology","volume":"49","author":"Caffrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2018.02.004","article-title":"Strains in trussed spine interbody fusion implants are modulated by load and design","volume":"80","author":"Caffrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MED","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4028759","article-title":"Validation of a novel spine test machine","volume":"9","author":"Mannen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Device"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.11.034","article-title":"Coupled motions in human and porcine thoracic and lumbar spines","volume":"70","author":"Kingma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomechs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0020","first-page":"171","article-title":"A simple method for preparing thin (10 \u03bcm) histological sections of undecalcified plastic embedded bone with implants","volume":"63","author":"van der Lubbe","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00002","article-title":"Cervical interbody fusion cages: an animal model with and without bone morphogenetic protein","volume":"23","author":"Zdeblick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00073-2","article-title":"Elastic properties of human cortical and trabecular lamellar bone measured by nanoindentation","volume":"18","author":"Rho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E166","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318166e001","article-title":"Comparison of animal discs used in disc research to human lumbar disc: axial compression mechanics and glycosaminoglycan content","volume":"33","author":"Beckstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05438-5","article-title":"Guidelines for the assessment of bone density and microarchitecture in vivo using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"31","author":"Whittier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30038","article-title":"Determining relevance of a weight-bearing ovine model for bone ingrowth assessment","volume":"69","author":"Willie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.10.4.2","article-title":"Principles of bone healing","volume":"10","author":"Kalfas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurg focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7040075","article-title":"Graft materials and biologics for spinal interbody fusion","volume":"7","author":"D'Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-014-1529-6","article-title":"Fusion rate according to mixture ratio and volumes of bone graft in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: minimum 2-year follow-up","volume":"25","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E191","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12153","article-title":"Porous titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium cage has better osseointegration and less micromotion than a poly-ether-ether-ketone cage in sheep vertebral fusion","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artificial organs"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200203150-00003","article-title":"Histologic evaluation of the efficacy of rhBMP-2 compared with autograft bone in sheep spinal anterior interbody fusion","volume":"27","author":"Sandhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S132","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100325","article-title":"Porous tricalcium phosphate and transforming growth factor used for anterior spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Steffen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0849-9","article-title":"The periosteum: what is it, where is it, and what mimics it in its absence?","volume":"39","author":"Dwek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0033","series-title":"The effects of periosteum removal on the osteocytes in mouse calvaria","first-page":"146","volume":"Volume 1","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.018","article-title":"Bony ingrowth potential of 3D printed porous titanium alloy: a direct comparison of interbody cage materials in an in vivo ovine lumbar fusion model","volume":"18","author":"McGilvray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.03.008","article-title":"Porous titanium cervical interbody fusion device in the treatment of degenerative cervical radiculopathy; 1-year results of a prospective controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Arts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000083285.09184.7A","article-title":"Changes in bone architecture during spinal fusion: three years follow-up and the role of cage stiffness","volume":"28","author":"Smit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0037","article-title":"Peptide enhanced bone graft substitute presents improved short-term increase in bone volume and construct stiffness compared to iliac crest autologous bone in an ovine lumbar interbody fusion model","author":"Loenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4544-y","article-title":"An analysis of spine fusion outcomes in sheep pre-clinical models","volume":"26","author":"Lindley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943021008263?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943021008263?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:34:52Z","timestamp":1761514492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943021008263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943021008263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early bone ingrowth and segmental stability of a trussed titanium cage versus a polyether ether ketone cage in an ovine lumbar interbody fusion model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}