{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:40:10Z","timestamp":1789731610960,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR064792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR064792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR072334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR072334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR078547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR078547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013759","name":"Commonwealth Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013759","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thespinejournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T01:05:39Z","timestamp":1635383139000},"page":"677-689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Heterogeneous macrophages contribute to the pathology of disc herniation induced radiculopathy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aixing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Balian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Sang J","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2688-740X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong Joshua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198704000-00013","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of low-back pain and its related medical care in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Deyo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.6.656","article-title":"Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems","volume":"299","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01312-4","article-title":"Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain","volume":"354","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000229148.63418.c1","article-title":"Population-based trends in volumes and rates of ambulatory lumbar spine surgery","volume":"31","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4696180","article-title":"The impact of chronic discogenic low back pain: costs and patients\u2019 burden","author":"Geurts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007431.pub2","article-title":"Physical examination for lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low-back pain","author":"van der Windt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v019a02","article-title":"Primary immune system responders to nucleus pulposus cells: evidence for immune response in disc herniation","volume":"19","author":"Murai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4325-z","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and memory T cells infiltrate true sequestrations stronger than subligamentous sequestrations: evidence from flow cytometric analysis of disc infiltrates","volume":"25","author":"Geiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200207150-00006","article-title":"Chemokine profile of herniated intervertebral discs infiltrated with monocytes and macrophages","volume":"27","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106010-00008","article-title":"Immunophenotypic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrates in herniated intervertebral discs","volume":"26","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0635-6","article-title":"Inflammatory profiles in canine intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Willems","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00059","article-title":"Macrophages at the fork in the road to health or disease","volume":"6","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0013","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: decisions that affect health","volume":"6","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0016","first-page":"261","article-title":"Herniated cervical intervertebral discs: histological and immunohistochemical characteristics","volume":"41","author":"Baba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI\/2008\/9\/9\/285","article-title":"Herniated and spondylotic intervertebral discs of the human cervical spine: histological and immunohistological findings in 500 en bloc surgical samples. Laboratory investigation","volume":"9","author":"Kokubo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000083324.65405.AE","article-title":"Angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration in lumbar disc herniation","volume":"28","author":"Koike","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760050156","article-title":"Immunohistological study of intervertebral disc herniation of lumbar spine","volume":"5","author":"Arai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24590","article-title":"Investigation of resident and recruited macrophages following disc injury in mice","volume":"38","author":"Kawakubo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00032","article-title":"Polarization of macrophages in epidural inflammation induced by canine intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"7","author":"Vizca\u00edno Rev\u00e9s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197711000-00007","article-title":"Degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine: immunological implications","author":"Gertzbein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197703000-00058","article-title":"The stimulation of lymphocytes by nucleus pulposus in patients with degenerative disk disease of the lumbar spine","volume":"123","author":"Gertzbein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-016-1038-6","article-title":"A novel modality for functional imaging in acute intervertebral disk herniation via tracking leukocyte infiltration","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.10.006","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of adenovirus-mediated growth and differentiation factor-5 in a mice disc degeneration model induced by annulus needle puncture","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.015","article-title":"Nanoparticle fullerol alleviates radiculopathy via NLRP3 inflammasome and neuropeptides","volume":"13","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v033a21","article-title":"Curcumin alleviates lumbar radiculopathy by reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and nociceptive factors","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00735","article-title":"Hydroxylated fullerene: a stellar nanomedicine to treat lumbar radiculopathy via antagonizing TNF-\u03b1-induced Ion channel activation, calcium signaling, and neuropeptide production","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22216","article-title":"Intervertebral disc degeneration and ectopic bone formation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96519","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096519","article-title":"Annulus fibrosus cell characteristics are a potential source of intervertebral disc pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00070","article-title":"Molecular detection and assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration via a collagen hybridizing peptide","volume":"5","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/22.12.1077","article-title":"Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixative a new fixative for immunoelectron microscopy","volume":"22","author":"Mclean","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102331","article-title":"Interactions among glomerulus infiltrating macrophages and intrinsic cells via","volume":"106","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601565","article-title":"Dependence of glomerulonephritis induction on novel intraglomerular alternatively activated bone marrow-derived macrophages and Mac-1 and PD-L1 in Lupus-Prone NZM2328 mice","volume":"198","author":"Sung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14444\/7001","article-title":"International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery Policy 2019-Surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy","volume":"14","author":"Lorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4246-7","article-title":"Persistent radiculopathy after surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation: causes and treatment options","volume":"43","author":"Rogerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06108-9","article-title":"Disc inflammation and Modic changes show an interaction effect on recovery after surgery for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"28","author":"Djuric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E900","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31824d911c","article-title":"Comparison of animal discs used in disc research to human lumbar disc: torsion mechanics and collagen content","volume":"37","author":"Showalter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0039","first-page":"543","article-title":"Animal models for disc degeneration-an update","volume":"33","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22494","article-title":"Both expression of cytokines and posterior annulus fibrosus rupture are essential for pain behavior changes induced by degenerative intervertebral disc: An experimental study in rats","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816b46ca","article-title":"Puncture of a lumbar intervertebral disc induces changes in spontaneous pain behavior: an experimental study in rats","volume":"33","author":"Olmarker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2027-8","article-title":"Cytokine inhibition and time-related influence of inflammatory stimuli on the hyperalgesia induced by the nucleus pulposus","volume":"21","author":"de Souza Grava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1743-4","article-title":"The inflammatory response in the regression of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"20","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.160","article-title":"Role of cytokines in intervertebral disc degeneration: pain and disc content","volume":"10","author":"Risbud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06220-w","article-title":"The contradictory effect of macrophage-related cytokine expression in lumbar disc herniations: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Djuric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20691","article-title":"Autologous nucleus pulposus primes T cells to develop into interleukin-4-producing effector cells: an experimental study on the autoimmune properties of nucleus pulposus","volume":"27","author":"Geiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200103150-00011","article-title":"Expression of Fas ligand and apoptosis of disc cells in herniated lumbar disc tissue","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0048","first-page":"e3663","article-title":"Co-immunostaining of ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and CD31 in Mouse Kidney Glomeruli","volume":"10","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16041","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms16041","article-title":"Natural variation of macrophage activation as disease-relevant phenotype predictive of inflammation and cancer survival","volume":"8","author":"Buscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01084","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.03.006","article-title":"Macrophages expressing arginase 1 and nitric oxide synthase 2 accumulate in the small intestine during Giardia lamblia infection","volume":"17","author":"Maloney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.001","article-title":"TNF-mediated restriction of arginase 1 expression in myeloid cells triggers type 2 NO synthase activity at the site of infection","volume":"15","author":"Schleicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0609378","article-title":"Differential polarization of alveolar macrophages and bone marrow-derived monocytes following chemically and pathogen-induced chronic lung inflammation","volume":"88","author":"Redente","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.04.010","article-title":"Direct in vivo evidence of activated macrophages in human osteoarthritis","volume":"24","author":"Kraus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0055","article-title":"Sequential CCL2 expression profile after disc injury in mice","author":"Nakawaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34456","article-title":"Intervertebral disc and macrophage interaction induces mechanical hyperalgesia and cytokine production in a herniated disc model in rats","volume":"64","author":"Takada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181b31f39","article-title":"Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced intervertebral discitis as an animal model for discogenic low back pain","volume":"109","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318238af83","article-title":"Epidural administration of spinal nerves with the tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, etanercept, compared with dexamethasone for treatment of sciatica in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective randomized study","volume":"37","author":"Ohtori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0218-1","article-title":"Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch","volume":"20","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943021009748?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943021009748?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1761514584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943021009748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943021009748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Heterogeneous macrophages contribute to the pathology of disc herniation induced radiculopathy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.10.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}