{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:42:21Z","timestamp":1786740141257,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM007347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM007347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM152284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM152284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 S10 OD012324 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 S10 OD012324 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006537","name":"Vanderbilt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID: 1018894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID: 1018894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thespinejournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:11:15Z","timestamp":1778109075000},"page":"1863-1885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expanded biological characterization of autograft-derived contributions to spinal fusion: graft-derived progenitors contribute via endochondral bone formation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-7237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuyuki","family":"Kawabata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1466-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duby D.","family":"Okonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Oyaizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5397-5344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byron F.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig R.","family":"Louer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Moore-Lotridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Court","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Egawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshitaka","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Schoenecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7040075","article-title":"Graft materials and biologics for spinal interbody fusion","volume":"7","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.3.FOCUS2179","article-title":"Investigating the efficacy of allograft cellular bone matrix for spinal fusion: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0003","article-title":"Should implant breakage be always considered as implant \u201cfailure\u201d in spine surgery: analysis of two cases and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6279","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216279","article-title":"Complications in spinal fusion surgery: a systematic review of clinically used cages","volume":"11","author":"Veronesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5511-6","article-title":"Bone graft materials for posterolateral fusion made simple: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002822","article-title":"Trends in lumbar fusion procedure rates and associated hospital costs for degenerative spinal diseases in the United States, 2004 to 2015","volume":"44","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200208151-00007","article-title":"Overview of the biology of lumbar spine fusion and principles for selecting a bone graft substitute","volume":"27","author":"Boden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199504000-00007","article-title":"Prospective comparison of autograft vs allograft for adult posterolateral lumbar spine fusion: differences among freeze-dried, frozen, and mixed grafts","volume":"8","author":"An","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199510001-00006","article-title":"Comparison between allograft plus demineralized bone matrix versus autograft in anterior cervical fusion. A prospective multicenter study","volume":"20","author":"An","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199409150-00005","article-title":"A prospective analysis of autograft versus allograft in posterolateral lumbar fusion in the same patient. A minimum of 1-year follow-up in 144 patients","volume":"19","author":"Jorgenson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200501000-00010","article-title":"The biology of bone grafting","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4161\/org.23306","article-title":"Bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics: the bridge between basic science and clinical advancements in fracture healing","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"issue":"174","key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198304000-00005","article-title":"The biology of bone graft repair","author":"Burchardt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004688","article-title":"Autograft cellular contribution to spinal fusion and effects of intraoperative storage conditions","volume":"48","author":"Lombardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100180611","article-title":"Cellular contribution of bone graft to fusion","volume":"18","author":"Gould","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081003","article-title":"Skeletal cell fate decisions within periosteum and bone marrow during bone regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Colnot","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22181","article-title":"Current insights on the regenerative potential of the periosteum: molecular, cellular, and endogenous engineering approaches","volume":"30","author":"Colnot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050806","article-title":"Periosteal progenitor cell fate in segmental cortical bone graft transplantations: implications for functional tissue engineering","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.02.007","article-title":"Hypoxia inhibits the growth, differentiation and bone-forming capacity of rat osteoblasts","volume":"312","author":"Utting","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0020","article-title":"The role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in regulation of the cartilage-to-bone transition in fracture healing","volume":"17","author":"Kodama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3610","article-title":"Chondrocytes promote vascularization in fracture healing through a FOXO1-dependent mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00045","article-title":"Stimulating fracture healing in ischemic environments: does oxygen direct stem cell fate during fracture healing?","volume":"5","author":"Miclau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-018-9256-x","article-title":"Bone fracture acute phase response\u2014a unifying theory of fracture repair: clinical and scientific implications","volume":"16","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1001","article-title":"Autologous chondrocyte grafting promotes bone formation in the posterolateral spine","volume":"1","author":"Sielatycki","year":"2018","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2019.08.010","article-title":"Targeting adeno-associated virus vectors for local delivery to fractures and systemic delivery to the skeleton","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2467","article-title":"A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain","volume":"13","author":"Madisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14174","article-title":"Gene expression profiles for in vitro human stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts and osteoclasts: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Zainal Ariffin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1673-8527(08)60072-7","article-title":"Collagen1alpha1 promoter drives the expression of Cre recombinase in osteoblasts of transgenic mice","volume":"35","author":"Zha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics: Yi Chuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2023.116777","article-title":"Genetic models for lineage tracing in musculoskeletal development, injury, and healing","volume":"173","author":"Loder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0030","first-page":"805","article-title":"Generation of aggrecan-CreERT2 knockin mice for inducible Cre activity in adult cartilage","volume":"47","author":"Henry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes N Y N 2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1119-7_3","article-title":"Cartilage-specific Cre recombinase transgenes\/alleles in the mouse","volume":"2245","author":"Kanakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0032","first-page":"635","article-title":"Sox9-expressing precursors are the cellular origin of the cruciate ligament of the knee joint and the limb tendons","volume":"48","author":"Soeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes N Y N 2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.01.019","article-title":"Revisiting hemostasis strategy: the impact of excessive monopolar electrocautery on periosteal-driven spinal fusion","author":"Okonkwo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-989-5_11","article-title":"Preparation of thin frozen sections from nonfixed and undecalcified hard tissues using Kawamot\u2019s film method (2012)","volume":"1130","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol Clifton NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.10.011","article-title":"Differential development of the distal and proximal femoral epiphysis and physis in mice","volume":"52","author":"Cole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.08.010","article-title":"Endochondral ossification in fracture callus during long bone repair: the localisation of \u201ccavity-lining cells\u201d within the cartilage","volume":"22","author":"Ford","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae069","article-title":"Skeletal stem and progenitor cells in bone development and repair","volume":"39","author":"Trompet","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199512150-00003","article-title":"1995 Volvo Award in basic sciences. The use of an osteoinductive growth factor for lumbar spinal fusion. Part I: biology of spinal fusion","volume":"20","author":"Boden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000202","article-title":"Bone regeneration via skeletal cell lineage plasticity: all hands mobilized for emergencies: quiescent mature skeletal cells can be activated in response to injury and robustly participate in bone regeneration through cellular plasticity","volume":"43","author":"Matsushita","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioEssays News Rev Mol Cell Dev Biol"}],"container-title":["The Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943026001336?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529943026001336?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:49:03Z","timestamp":1786736943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529943026001336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529943026001336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-9430"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-9430","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Expanded biological characterization of autograft-derived contributions to spinal fusion: graft-derived progenitors contribute via endochondral bone formation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Spine Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2026.04.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}