{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:33:58Z","timestamp":1792017238580,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ubbo Emmius Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T00:06:52Z","timestamp":1543450012000},"page":"100330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A multi-dimensional measure of population ageing accounting for Quantum and Quality in life years: An application of selected countries in Europe and Asia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6856-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun","family":"Balachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.S.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib1","unstructured":"AAI (2015).\u00a0Active Ageing Index 2014 Analytical Report. United Nations - European Commission, (April), 50."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2307\/2937954","article-title":"Does compulsory school attendance affect schooling and earnings?","volume":"106","author":"Angrist","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib3","unstructured":"Balachandran, A., De Beer, J., James, K.S., Van Wissen, L., & Janssen, F. (2017). Comparison of ageing in Europe and Asia: Refining the prospective age approach with a cross-country perspective. Working Paper, Netherlands Interdisciplinary Research Institute (NIDI), The Hague, (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/www.nidi.nl\/shared\/content\/output\/papers\/nidi-wp-2017-01.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, G.S. (1975). Investment in Human Capital: Effects on Earnings. In Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education pp. 13\u201344. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004\u3009.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeoa.2014.10.002","article-title":"The economic implications of population ageing in China and India: Introduction to the special issue","volume":"4","author":"Bloom","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of the Economics of Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib6","unstructured":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan, A. (2018). Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Wave 4. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6103\/SHARE.w4.611\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt088","article-title":"The survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE)","volume":"42","author":"B\u00f6rsch-Supan","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61460-4","article-title":"Ageing populations: The challenges ahead","author":"Christensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2307\/3038309","article-title":"Age-distribution dynamics and aging indexes","volume":"34","author":"Chu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq022","article-title":"Gender differences in health: Results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS","volume":"21","author":"Crimmins","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00273-2","article-title":"Trends in healthy life expectancy in the United States, 1970\u20131990: Gender, racial, and educational differences","volume":"52","author":"Crimmins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2013.29.23","article-title":"Age groups and the measure of population aging","volume":"29","author":"d\u2019Albis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2017.01.001","article-title":"A critique of the Active Ageing Index","volume":"40","author":"de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Aging Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib14","unstructured":"HelpAge (2015). Global AgeWatch Index 2015: Insight report. London."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib15","unstructured":"Kaneda, T., Lee, M., Pollard, K. (2011). SCL\/PRB index of well-being in older populations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimczuk, A. (2016). Activities of Daily Living. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies pp. 22\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119085621.wbefs143.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119085621.wbefs143"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib17","first-page":"17","article-title":"The new measures of population aging","volume":"146","author":"Kot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Studia Demograficzne (Demographical Studies)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys210","article-title":"Data resource profile: The World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)","volume":"41","author":"Kowal","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib19","article-title":"Prediction of institutionalization in the elderly. A systematic review","author":"Luppa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06516","article-title":"The coming accleration of population ageing","volume":"451","author":"Lutz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib21","first-page":"12","article-title":"Gender gaps - life expectancy and proportion of life in poor health","volume":"25","author":"Luy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib22","unstructured":"Malter, F., & B\u00f6rsch-Supan, A. (2013). SHARE Wave 4 Innovations and Methodology. SHARE Wave 4 Innovations and Methodology. Munich."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib23","article-title":"Cohort changes in active life expectancy in the U.S. elderly population: Experience from the 1982\u20132004 National Long-Term Care Survey","volume":"63","author":"Manton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.118422","article-title":"Prevalences of dementia and cognitive impairment among older people in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Mavrodaris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1086\/258055","article-title":"Investment in human capital and personal income distribution","volume":"66","author":"Mincer","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12062-012-9068-6","article-title":"The old-age healthy dependency ratio in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Muszy\u0144ska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Population Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.041558","article-title":"Successful aging: Measuring the years lived with functional loss","volume":"60","author":"Nusselder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2014.31.44","article-title":"Ageing dynamics of a human-capital-specific population: A demographic perspective","volume":"31","author":"Philipov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"issue":"II","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.Special_Issue_2.S40","article-title":"Rethinking gender differences in health: Why we need to integrate social and biological perspectives","volume":"60B","author":"Rieker","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/14717794200900012","article-title":"The relationship between longevity and healthy life expectancy","volume":"10","author":"Robine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quality in Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.6.M590","article-title":"Looking forward to a general theory on population aging","author":"Robine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/2734140","article-title":"Notes on stationary populations","volume":"41","author":"Ryder","year":"1975","journal-title":"Population Index"},{"issue":"7043","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03593","article-title":"Average remaining lifetimes can increase as human populations age","volume":"435","author":"Sanderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2007.16.2","article-title":"A new perspective on population aging","volume":"16","author":"Sanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"issue":"5997","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193647","article-title":"Demography. Remeasuring aging","volume":"329","author":"Sanderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2013.00633.x","article-title":"The characteristics approach to the measurement of population aging","volume":"39","author":"Sanderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib37","series-title":"The future of welfare in a global Europe","article-title":"An easily understood and intergenerationally equitable normal pension age","author":"Sanderson","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264316656515","article-title":"Combined measures of upper and lower body strength and subgroup differences in subsequent survival among the older population of England","volume":"28","author":"Sanderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib39","unstructured":"Sanderson, W., & Scherbov, S. (2008). Rethinking age and aging. Population Reference Bureau Washington, DC."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Investment in human capital","volume":"51","author":"Schultz","year":"1961","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00365-4","article-title":"Functional health status as a predictor of mortality in men and women over 65","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s12062-015-9121-3","article-title":"Increasing compulsion to work for wages: Old age labor participation and supply in India over the past two decades","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Population Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-016-9499-y","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and quality of life among elderly in India","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Research in Quality of Life"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112173109","article-title":"Variation in cognitive functioning as a refined approach to comparing aging across countries","volume":"109","author":"Skirbekk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f6598","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6598","article-title":"Population ageing: The timebomb that isn\u2019t?","volume":"347","author":"Spijker","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib46","series-title":"Beyond successful and active ageing: A theory of model ageing","author":"Timonen","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb04944.x","article-title":"The predictive power of self-rated health, activities of daily living, and ambulatory activity for cause-specific mortality among the elderly: A three-year follow-up in urban Japan","volume":"42","author":"Tsuji","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib48","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved from \u3008https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib49","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme (2016). Human Development Index (HDI). Human Development Reports. Retrieved from \u3008http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/content\/human-development-index-hdi\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib50","unstructured":"United Nations Population Division (2010). World Population Prospects- Population Division- United Nations. Retrieved from \u3008https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wpp\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2016.11.003","article-title":"The Flynn effect in Europe \u2013 Effects of sex and region","volume":"60","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib52","article-title":"Measuring the activities of daily living: Comparisons across national surveys","volume":"45","author":"Wiener","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2013.04.010","article-title":"Overview of the Flynn effect","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intelligence"}],"container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827318302544?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827318302544?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T16:51:48Z","timestamp":1566319908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352827318302544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S2352827318302544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A multi-dimensional measure of population ageing accounting for Quantum and Quality in life years: An application of selected countries in Europe and Asia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"SSM - Population Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.100330","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100330"}}