{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:04:35Z","timestamp":1791806675382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T13:14:36Z","timestamp":1667308476000},"page":"101274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Toko","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra","family":"Telfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Crengle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheree","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib1","series-title":"Age standardization of rates: A new WHO standard.GPE discussion paper series No. 31","author":"Ahmad","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00459-1","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreaks at correctional facilities demand a health equity approach to criminal justice reform","volume":"97","author":"Alohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib4","series-title":"Mental health services for prisoners","author":"Auditor General","year":"2008"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005","article-title":"Mortality after prison release: Opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009","volume":"159","author":"Binswanger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.23889\/ijpds.v5i1.1145","article-title":"The Mortality after Release from Incarceration Consortium (MARIC): Protocol for a multi-national, individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Borschmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Population Data Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13803","article-title":"High risk of overdose death following release from prison: Variations in mortality during a 15-year observation period","volume":"112","author":"Bukten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1838373","article-title":"An imperfect storm: Identifying the root causes of COVID-19 outbreaks in the world's largest corrections systems","volume":"15","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib9","series-title":"Hauora M\u0101ori standards of health IV: A study of the years 2000\u20132005","first-page":"221","article-title":"Prison health","author":"Carr","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1493","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib10","first-page":"60","article-title":"The use of \u2018tie down\u2019 in New Zealand prisons \u2013 what is the role of the health sector?","volume":"132","author":"Carr","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib11","unstructured":"Corrections Act (2004)."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12536","article-title":"The impact of opioid substitution therapy on mortality post-release from prison: Retrospective data linkage study","volume":"109","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib13","author":"Department of Corrections"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib14","series-title":"Annual report 2020\/2021","author":"Department of Corrections","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib15","author":"Department of Corrections"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib18","series-title":"World prison population list","author":"Fair","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/107937391904100403","article-title":"Deaths in custody and following release","volume":"41","author":"Fox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Human Services Administration"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku252","article-title":"Understanding extreme mortality among prisoners: A national cohort study in scotland using data linkage","volume":"25","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"The European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib21","series-title":"In\u0101ia Tonu Nei: We lead, you follow","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198120927318","article-title":"Social distancing and incarceration: Policy and management strategies to reduce COVID-19 transmission and promote health equity through decarceration","volume":"47","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Education & Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib23","series-title":"Comorbid substance use disorders and mental health disorders among New Zealand prisoners","author":"Indig","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7748\/mhp2013.11.17.3.20.e846","article-title":"Suicide in recently released prisoners: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mental Health Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib25","series-title":"M\u0101ori with lived experience of disability, Part I: Wai 2575, #B22","author":"King","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib26","first-page":"141","article-title":"COVID-19 and the mass incarceration of Indigenous peoples","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Indigenous Social Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157328","article-title":"Development and validation of a National System for routine monitoring of mortality in people recently released from prison","volume":"11","author":"Kinner","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12010","article-title":"Systematic review of record linkage studies of mortality in ex-prisoners: Why (good) methods matter","volume":"108","author":"Kinner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301883","article-title":"The case for improving the health of ex-prisoners","volume":"104","author":"Kinner","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx018","article-title":"Understanding and improving the health of people who experience incarceration: An overview and synthesis","volume":"40","author":"Kinner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Solitary confinement in New Zealand prisons","volume":"7","author":"Lamusse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economic and Social Research Aotearoa"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr327","article-title":"Risks of drug-related death, suicide, and homicide during the immediate post-release period among people released from New York City jails, 2001\u20132005","volume":"175","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326","article-title":"Incarceration and health","volume":"41","author":"Massoglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8S","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919826563","article-title":"Linkages between incarceration and health","volume":"134","author":"Massoglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib35","series-title":"Prisoner re-entry in the era of mass incarceration","author":"Mears","year":"2014"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison","volume":"105","author":"Merrall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz014","article-title":"Data resource profile: The New Zealand integrated data infrastructure (IDI)","volume":"48","author":"Milne","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib38","series-title":"Results from the prisoner health survey 2005","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198120933281","article-title":"Seizing the moment: Policy advocacy to end mass incarceration in the time of COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Minkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Education & Behaviour"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.001","article-title":"COVID-19 and the correctional environment: The American prison as a focal point for public health","volume":"58","author":"Montoya-Barthelemy","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib43","series-title":"Decarcerating correctional facilities during COVID-19: Advancing health, equity, and safety","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib44","series-title":"Health in justice: Kia piki te ora, Kia tika","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350902818851","article-title":"The contribution of imprisonment and release to fatal overdose among a cohort of Norwegian drug abusers","volume":"18","author":"\u00d8deg\u00e5rd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction Research and Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib46","author":"Office of the Children\u2019s Commissioner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib47","unstructured":"Pae Ora Healthy Futures Act (2022)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301148","article-title":"The dose-response of time served in prison on mortality: New York state, 1989-2003","volume":"103","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1835769","article-title":"An examination of COVID-19 outbreaks in African prisons and jails","volume":"15","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1835770","article-title":"An examination of COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons and jails throughout Asia","volume":"15","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1835768","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 outbreaks in the prisons, jails, and community corrections systems throughout Europe","volume":"15","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1835767","article-title":"An examination of COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons and jails in Oceania","volume":"15","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1832028","article-title":"An examination of COVID-19 outbreaks in South American prisons and jails","volume":"15","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2020.1835766","article-title":"An examination of COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons and jails in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean","volume":"15","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Victims and Offenders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.03.027","article-title":"Colonial histories, racism and health \u2013 the experience of M\u0101ori and Indigenous peoples","volume":"172","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib56","series-title":"The effects of imprisonment on inmates\u2019 and their families\u2019 health and wellbeing","author":"Roguski","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib57","series-title":"Thinking outside the box? A review of seclusion and restraint practices in New Zealand","author":"Shalev","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib58","series-title":"Time for a paradigm shift: A follow up review of seclusion and restraint practices in New Zealand","author":"Shalev","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib59","series-title":"First, do no harm: Segregation, restraint, and pepper spray use in women\u2019s prisons in New Zealand","author":"Shalev","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib60","author":"Stats"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib61","author":"Stats"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib62","author":"Stats"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib63","series-title":"Turuki! Turuki! Move together! Transforming our criminal justice system","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib64","series-title":"Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of New Zealand","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib65","series-title":"Joint statement on COVID-19 in prisons and other closed settings","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12107","article-title":"Incarceration and population health in wealthy democracies","volume":"54","author":"Wildeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"10077","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30233-4","article-title":"Risk factors for suicide in prisons: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300764","article-title":"All-cause and external mortality in released prisoners: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Zlodre","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827322002531?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827322002531?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T04:40:10Z","timestamp":1762490410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352827322002531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S2352827322002531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"SSM - Population Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101274","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101274"}}