{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:07:18Z","timestamp":1778882838273,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["217065\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217065\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C19\/SC\/13650569\/ALAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C19\/SC\/13650569\/ALAC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T12:43:23Z","timestamp":1667652203000},"page":"101280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pace of aging, family environment and cognitive skills in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Niccodemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9409-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Menta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conchita","family":"D'Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.02.006","article-title":"Economic conditions at birth and cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood: Evidence from post-1950 cohorts","volume":"224","author":"Alessie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.007","article-title":"Early-life socioeconomic disadvantage, not current, predicts accelerated epigenetic aging of monocytes","volume":"97","author":"Austin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21789","article-title":"Accounting for population stratification in DNA methylation studies","volume":"38","author":"Barfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genetic Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54870","article-title":"Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test, the DunedinPoAm DNA methylation algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Belsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib5","first-page":"201","article-title":"Education and family background: Mechanisms and policies","volume":"3","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort profile: The \u2018Children of the 90s\u2019; the index offspring of the Avon longitudinal study of Parents and children (ALSPAC)","volume":"42","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.6.080604.162350","article-title":"Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome","volume":"6","author":"Chow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.4194","article-title":"Childhood circumstances and young adulthood outcomes: The role of mothers' financial problems","volume":"30","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2059799116638003","article-title":"A review of occupation-based social classifications for social survey research","volume":"9","author":"Connelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methodological Innovations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11562-5","article-title":"Obesity and accelerated epigenetic aging in a high-risk cohort of children","volume":"12","author":"Etzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13439","article-title":"DNA methylation-based biomarkers of aging were slowed down in a two-year diet and physical activity intervention trial: The DAMA study","volume":"20","author":"Fiorito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500398102","article-title":"Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins","volume":"102","author":"Fraga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","article-title":"The Avon longitudinal study of Parents and children: ALSPAC mothers cohort","volume":"42","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1086\/683668","article-title":"When do covariates matter? And which ones, and how much?","volume":"34","author":"Gelbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1091","article-title":"A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter","volume":"104","author":"Goldin","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1086\/685505","article-title":"A most egalitarian profession: Pharmacy and the evolution of a family-friendly occupation","volume":"34","author":"Goldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.016","article-title":"Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates","volume":"49","author":"Hannum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-10-r115","article-title":"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types","volume":"14","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1412759111","article-title":"Obesity accelerates epigenetic aging of human liver","volume":"111","author":"Horvath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy155","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and DNA methylation age acceleration across the lifecourse","volume":"187","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09235-9","article-title":"Exposure to violence accelerates epigenetic aging in children","volume":"7","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy036","article-title":"Psychosocial adversity and socioeconomic position during childhood and epigenetic age: Analysis of two prospective cohort studies","volume":"27","author":"Lawn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101414","article-title":"An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0584-6","article-title":"DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life","volume":"16","author":"Marioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu277","article-title":"The epigenetic clock is correlated with physical and cognitive fitness in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","volume":"44","author":"Marioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.02.018","article-title":"How does socio-economic position (SEP) get biologically embedded? A comparison of allostatic load and the epigenetic clock(s)","volume":"104","author":"McCrory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0228-z","article-title":"Epigenetic age acceleration predicts cancer, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality in a German case cohort","volume":"8","author":"Perna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101168","article-title":"Epigenetic clock analysis of diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors","volume":"9","author":"Quach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-024406","article-title":"Socioeconomic disadvantage and the pace of biological aging in children","volume":"147","author":"Raffington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib30","article-title":"Socially stratified epigenetic profiles are associated with cognitive functioning in children and adolescents","author":"Raffington","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv Working"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv072","article-title":"Data resource profile: Accessible resource for integrated epigenomic studies (ARIES)","volume":"44","author":"Relton","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000626","article-title":"Childhood cognitive ability and incident dementia: The 1932 Scottish Mental Survey cohort into their tenth decade","volume":"28","author":"Russ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00995","article-title":"De novo DNA methylation is dispensable for the initiation and propagation of X chromosome inactivation","volume":"131","author":"Sado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490510824","article-title":"Cross-cultural effects on IQ test performance: A review and preliminary normative indications on WAIS-III test performance","volume":"26","author":"Shuttleworth-Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib35","article-title":"Are objective measures of physical capability related to accelerated epigenetic age? Findings from a British birth cohort","volume":"7","author":"Simpkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Medical Journal Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.09.008","article-title":"Early experiences of threat, but not deprivation, are associated with accelerated biological aging in children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Sumner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7290.819","article-title":"Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival up to age 76","volume":"322","author":"Whalley","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.12.007","article-title":"Traumatic stress and accelerated DNA methylation age: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.5.6.12226","article-title":"A longitudinal study of epigenetic variation in twins","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2021.05.007","article-title":"Menopausal symptoms and work: A narrative review of women's experiences in casual, informal, or precarious jobs","volume":"150","author":"Yoeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Maturitas"}],"container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827322002592?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827322002592?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1778879511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352827322002592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2352827322002592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pace of aging, family environment and cognitive skills in children and adolescents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"SSM - Population Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101280","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101280"}}