{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:22:59Z","timestamp":1787955779021,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPHSU19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPHSU19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018814","name":"MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00022\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00022\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S019669\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S019669\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T05:08:21Z","timestamp":1761368901000},"page":"101875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Is objectively measured exposure to built and natural environment associated with population-level cardiovascular disease mortality in Great Britain?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Nicholls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Caryl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz239","article-title":"Urban green space, tree canopy and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: A multilevel longitudinal study of 46 786 Australians","volume":"49","author":"Astell-Burt","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib3","author":"Barker"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.05.012","article-title":"Emissions vs exposure: Increasing injustice from road traffic-related air pollution in the United Kingdom","volume":"73","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2021.100149","article-title":"Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"5","author":"Bays","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000752","article-title":"Built environments and cardiovascular health: Review and implications","volume":"42","author":"Chandrabose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12759","article-title":"Built environment and cardio\u2010metabolic health: Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"20","author":"Chandrabose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib12","series-title":"Chief medical officer's annual report 2024: Health in cities","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13467","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta\u2010analyses","volume":"291","author":"de Bont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13171","article-title":"Associations between the built environment and dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity: A scoping review of reviews","volume":"22","author":"Dixon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058701","article-title":"The development of a walkability index: Application to the neighborhood quality of life study","volume":"44","author":"Frank","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.2019.1472","article-title":"Gendered walkability: Building a daytime walkability index for women","volume":"12","author":"Golan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Transport and Land Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib17","author":"Gov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib18","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Deprivation based inequality in NO x emissions in England","volume":"2","author":"Gray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science: Advances"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2011.02637.x","article-title":"Eight (and a half) deadly sins of spatial analysis","volume":"39","author":"Hawkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114801","article-title":"The environment an adult resides within is associated with their health behaviours, and their mental and physical health outcomes: A nationwide geospatial study","volume":"301","author":"Hobbs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145968","article-title":"Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"776","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.09.007","article-title":"Walkability, complete streets, and gender: Who benefits most?","volume":"48","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kax043","article-title":"The built environment as a determinant of physical activity: A systematic review of longitudinal studies and natural experiments","volume":"52","author":"K\u00e4rmeniemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0343-6","article-title":"Neighbourhood built environment and cardiovascular disease: Knowledge and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Koohsari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00764-5","article-title":"Associations of urban built environment with cardiovascular risks and mortality: A systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118625","article-title":"The neighourhood obesogenic built environment characteristics (OBCT) index: Practice versus theory","volume":"251","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad241","article-title":"The built environment and cardiovascular disease: An umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","article-title":"Ggeffects: Tidy data frames of marginal effects from regression models","volume":"3","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad583","article-title":"Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the European Union: A population-based cost study","volume":"44","author":"Luengo-Fernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-019-0166-z","article-title":"Associations between spatial access to physical activity facilities and frequency of physical activity; how do home and workplace neighbourhoods in west central Scotland compare?","volume":"18","author":"Macdonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Walkability around primary schools and area deprivation across Scotland","author":"Macdonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2018.04.008","article-title":"Do \u2018environmental bads\u2019 such as alcohol, fast food, tobacco, and gambling outlets cluster and co-locate in more deprived areas in Glasgow City, Scotland?","volume":"51","author":"Macdonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib34","series-title":"Neighborhoods and health","article-title":"Neighborhoods and health: An overview","author":"Macintyre","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-021-00269-x","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the environment: Developing an area-based measure of access to health-promoting and health-constraining environments in New Zealand","volume":"20","author":"Marek","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0160ED","article-title":"Misuse of pollution reference standards: No safe level of air pollution","volume":"205","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib37","first-page":"1","article-title":"A socio-ecological exploration of fear of crime in urban green spaces\u2013A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Maruthaveeran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urban Forestry and Urban Greening"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad252","article-title":"Associations between the neighbourhood food environment and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Meijer","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0003-2","article-title":"Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib41","series-title":"Quality assurance of administrative data used in population statistics: Births and deaths data","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115502","article-title":"Nationwide equity assessment of the 20-min neighbourhood in the scottish context: A socio-spatial proximity analysis of residential locations","volume":"315","author":"Olsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib43","series-title":"Estimating the number of people with cardiovascular or respiratory conditions living in poverty, England: 2021","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib44","series-title":"Deprivation and the impact on smoking prevalence, England and Wales: 2017 to 2021","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib45","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib46","series-title":"R: A Language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052563","article-title":"Green space and health equity: A systematic review on the potential of green space to reduce health disparities","volume":"18","author":"Rigolon","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: Update from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.01.009","article-title":"Neighbourhood walkability and incidence of hypertension: Findings from the study of 429,334 UK biobank participants","volume":"221","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071216","article-title":"Social inequalities in environmental resources of green and blue spaces: A review of evidence in the WHO European region","volume":"16","author":"Sch\u00fcle","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: Challenges and interventions","volume":"137","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib52","article-title":"Consumption frequency of foods away from home linked with higher body mass index and lower fruit and vegetable intake among adults: A cross-sectional study","volume":"1","author":"Seguin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.58","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and the physical availability of take-away alcohol: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the days and hours of sale and outlet density","volume":"79","author":"Sherk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa223","article-title":"Tobacco retail environment and smoking: A systematic review of geographic exposure measures and implications for future studies","volume":"23","author":"Valiente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101506","article-title":"Predicting daily concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and ozone at fine spatial scale in Great Britain","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib56","series-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib57","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124371","article-title":"Urban trees and human health: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315299","article-title":"Rationale and tutorial for analysing and reporting sex differences in cardiovascular associations","volume":"105","author":"Woodward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"}],"container-title":["SSM - Population Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827325001296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352827325001296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:10:56Z","timestamp":1773274256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352827325001296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S2352827325001296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-8273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-8273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Is objectively measured exposure to built and natural environment associated with population-level cardiovascular disease mortality in Great Britain?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"SSM - Population Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2025.101875","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101875"}}