{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:19:20Z","timestamp":1779110360247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["331640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["331640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009244","name":"Stockholms Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009244","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["818425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-CoG-2018 EQOP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-CoG-2018 EQOP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Social Science Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T01:55:13Z","timestamp":1739325313000},"page":"103152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ethnic minorities in disadvantaged neighborhoods: Differential effects on educational outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4852-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solveig Topstad","family":"Borgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolai Topstad","family":"Borgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik Daae","family":"Zachrisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib1","series-title":"Strangers No More","author":"Alba","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib2","series-title":"Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration","author":"Alba","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2307\/2061466","article-title":"Variations on two themes: racial and ethnic patterns in the attainment of suburban residence","volume":"28","author":"Alba","year":"1991","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib4","series-title":"Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City","author":"Anderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib5","series-title":"Socio-economic Segregation in European Capital Cities","first-page":"110","article-title":"Widening gaps: segregation dynamics during two decades of economic and institutional change in Stockholm","author":"Andersson","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/14616710701650443","article-title":"Ethnic segregation, housing systems and welfare regimes in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Arbaci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hous. Pol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-6841.2005.00101.x","article-title":"Do enclaves matter in immigrant adjustment?","volume":"4","author":"Barry","year":"2005","journal-title":"City Community"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib8","series-title":"Genetics & the Geography of Health, Behavior, and Attainment","author":"Belsky","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soac023","article-title":"The counteracting nature of contextual influences: peer effects and offsetting mechanisms in schools","volume":"101","author":"Borgen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcae034","article-title":"How neighbourhood effects vary by achievement level","author":"Borgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Socio Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib12","article-title":"For whom neighborhoods matter: heterogeneous effects of socioeconomic neighborhood composition on child achievement","author":"Borgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"SocArXiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-10823537","article-title":"Horizontal advantage: choice of postsecondary field of study among children of immigrants","volume":"60","author":"Borgen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2307\/2118325","article-title":"Ethnic capital and intergenerational mobility","volume":"107","author":"Borjas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgen, N.T., Kirkeb\u00f8en, L.J., Kotsadam, A., Raaum, O., 2025. Do Funds for More Teachers Improve Student Outcomes? Journal of Human Resources. In press.","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.0523-12892R2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib15","series-title":"Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society","author":"Boudon","year":"1974"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012448548","article-title":"Long-term neighbourhood effects on education, income and employment among adolescents in Oslo","volume":"50","author":"Brattbakk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brini, E., Borgen, S.T., Borgen, N.T., 2025. Avoiding the eyeballing fallacy: visualizing statistical differences between estimates using the pheatplot command. Stata Journal. In press.","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X251322962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib18","series-title":"Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children","author":"Brooks-Gunn","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0298","article-title":"Ethnic environment during childhood and the educational attainment of immigrant children in Sweden","volume":"88","author":"Bygren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.100002","article-title":"The dynamics of racial residential segregation","volume":"29","author":"Charles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy007","article-title":"The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility I: childhood exposure effects","volume":"133","author":"Chetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161352","article-title":"Moved to opportunity: the long-run effects of public housing demolition on children","volume":"108","author":"Chyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.35.4.197","article-title":"Neighborhoods matter: assessing the evidence for place effects","volume":"35","author":"Chyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1086\/657352","article-title":"Moving teenagers out of high-risk neighborhoods: how girls fare better than boys","volume":"116","author":"Clampet-Lundquist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708155105","article-title":"Understanding the social context of the Schelling segregation model","volume":"105","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1086\/228943","article-title":"Social capital in the creation of human capital","volume":"94","author":"Coleman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cico.12148","article-title":"Moving beyond the big three: a call for new approaches to studying racial residential segregation","volume":"15","author":"Crowder","year":"2016","journal-title":"City Community"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soab075","article-title":"Moving on up? Neighborhood status and racism-related distress among black Americans","volume":"100","author":"DeAngelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073117-041335","article-title":"Assimilation and the second generation in Europe and America: blending and segregating social dynamics between immigrants and natives","volume":"45","author":"Drouhot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530360535225","article-title":"Ethnic enclaves and the economic success of immigrants\u2014evidence from a natural experiment","volume":"118","author":"Edin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040718822573","article-title":"Aspiration squeeze: the struggle of children to positively selected immigrants","volume":"92","author":"Engzell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib32","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality","article-title":"639 economic inequality and the welfare state","author":"Esping-Andersen","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122416684777","article-title":"An immigrant paradox? Contextual attainment and intergenerational educational mobility","volume":"82","author":"Feliciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jct010","article-title":"From ethnic capital to ethnic educational inequality: how family and Co-ethnic neighbourhood resources affect second-generation attainment in Belgium","volume":"29","author":"Fleischmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Socio Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01112192","article-title":"Black students' school success: coping with the \u201cburden of \u2018acting white\u2019\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Fordham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Urban Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/0197918318765168","article-title":"The making of immigrant niches in an affluent welfare state","volume":"53","author":"Friberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Migrat. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib37","series-title":"Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives","first-page":"23","article-title":"The mechanism (s) of neighbourhood effects: theory, evidence, and policy implications","author":"Galster","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Decomposing educational disparities between immigrants and natives in Oslo: how gender, parents, and place matter","author":"Galster","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnic Migrat. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2003.06.001","article-title":"Post-secondary school participation of immigrant and native youth: the role of familial resources and educational expectations","volume":"33","author":"Glick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176856","article-title":"Labor force participation, unemployment and occupational attainment among immigrants in West European countries","volume":"12","author":"Gorodzeisky","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib41","series-title":"Wither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances","article-title":"Unpacking neighborhood influences on education outcomes: setting the stage for future research","author":"Harding","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib42","series-title":"Unequal Attainments: Ethnic Educational Inequalities in Ten Western Countries","author":"Heath","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134728","article-title":"The second generation in Western Europe: education, unemployment, and occupational attainment","volume":"34","author":"Heath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2021.510987","article-title":"Dimensions of migrant integration in western Europe","volume":"6","author":"Heath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012452320","article-title":"Neighbourhood income sorting and the effects of neighbourhood income mix on income: a holistic empirical exploration","volume":"50","author":"Hedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcw024","article-title":"Moving up or falling behind? Intergenerational socioeconomic transmission among children of immigrants in Norway","volume":"32","author":"Hermansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Socio Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcz066","article-title":"Long-term trends in adult socio-economic resemblance between former schoolmates and neighbouring children","volume":"36","author":"Hermansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Socio Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib48","series-title":"Immigration and Social Mobility","author":"Hoen","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2008.0009","article-title":"Immigrant residential segregation in US metropolitan areas, 1990\u20132000","volume":"45","author":"Iceland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcu071","article-title":"Who they were there: immigrants' educational selectivity and their children's educational attainment","volume":"30","author":"Ichou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Socio Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040711427311","article-title":"Ethnic inequality in choice-driven education systems: a longitudinal study of performance and choice in England and Sweden","volume":"85","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sociol. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib52","first-page":"186","article-title":"The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood","volume":"111","author":"Jencks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Inner-city poverty in the United States"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0104","article-title":"Post-secondary educational attainment of immigrant and native youth","volume":"87","author":"Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x","article-title":"Experimental analysis of neighborhood effects","volume":"75","author":"Kling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib55","series-title":"The Asian American Achievement Paradox","author":"Lee","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/0020715218767486","article-title":"How do coethnic communities matter for educational attainment? A comparative analysis of the United States and Canada","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Sociol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.309","article-title":"The neighborhoods they live in: the effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes","volume":"126","author":"Leventhal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib58","series-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science","article-title":"Children in neighborhoods","author":"Leventhal","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib59","first-page":"411","article-title":"Neighborhood influences on adolescent development","volume":"2","author":"Leventhal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handbook of adolescent psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036424","article-title":"Neighborhood context and immigrant young children's development","volume":"50","author":"Leventhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040719850146","article-title":"The varying effects of neighborhood disadvantage on college graduation: moderating and mediating mechanisms","volume":"92","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol. Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib62","first-page":"98","article-title":"Ethnic segmentation in the American metropolis: increasing divergence in economic incorporation, 1980\u20131990","volume":"34","author":"Logan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Migrat. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbac031","article-title":"Are richer neighborhoods always better for the kids?","volume":"23","author":"Markussen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2307\/2095343","article-title":"Spatial assimilation as a socioeconomic outcome","author":"Massey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.2138","article-title":"The ethnoracial context of residential mobility in France: neighbourhood out\u2010migration and relocation","volume":"24","author":"McAvay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Popul. Space Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib66","first-page":"143","article-title":"Pushing the boundaries of education research: a multidimensional approach to characterizing preschool neighborhoods and their relations with child outcomes","volume":"115","author":"McCoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.04.012","article-title":"A review of neighborhood effects and early child development: how, where, and for whom, do neighborhoods matter?","volume":"46","author":"Minh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/0954896042000267170","article-title":"Capitals, ethnic identity and educational qualifications","volume":"13","author":"Modood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cult. Trends"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098018807628","article-title":"Does segregation reduce socio-spatial mobility? Evidence from four European countries with different inequality and segregation contexts","volume":"57","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0668-6","article-title":"Being poorer than the rest of the neighborhood: relative deprivation and problem behavior of youth","volume":"46","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib71","series-title":"International Migration Outlook 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib72","series-title":"Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1086\/212433","article-title":"The city: suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"1915","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716208322577","article-title":"No margin for error: educational and occupational achievement among disadvantaged children of immigrants","volume":"620","author":"Portes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870500224117","article-title":"Segmented assimilation on the ground: the new second generation in early adulthood","volume":"28","author":"Portes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn. Racial Stud."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2112714","article-title":"Educational progress of children of immigrants: the roles of class, ethnicity, and school context","volume":"69","author":"Portes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sociol. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2011.0004","article-title":"The adaptation of migrant children","author":"Portes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib78","series-title":"Legacies: the Story of the Immigrant Second Generation","author":"Portes","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716293530001006","article-title":"The new second generation: segmented assimilation and its variants","volume":"530","author":"Portes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071913-043152","article-title":"60 Years after Brown: trends and consequences of school segregation","volume":"40","author":"Reardon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-019-09522-3","article-title":"Neighbourhood concentration and representation of non-European migrants: new results from Norway","volume":"36","author":"Rogne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Popul."},{"issue":"508","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2006.01053.x","article-title":"The Neighbourhood is not what it used to be","volume":"116","author":"Raaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-115958","article-title":"Socioeconomic attainments of Asian Americans","volume":"35","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib84","series-title":"Micromotives and Macrobehavior","author":"Schelling","year":"1978"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038510381606","article-title":"Explaining educational achievement and career aspirations among young British Pakistanis: mobilizing \u2018ethnic capital\u2019?","volume":"44","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071913-043350","article-title":"Where, when, why, and for whom do residential contexts matter? Moving away from the dichotomous understanding of neighborhood effects","volume":"40","author":"Sharkey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib87","series-title":"Neighborhood Experiences of Immigrant Families with Young Children in the United States. Conceptual And Methodological Approaches To Navigating Immigrant Ecologies","first-page":"219","author":"Shuey","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib88","series-title":"Neighborhood Context, Genes and Education","author":"Silva","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.23","article-title":"Urban poverty after the truly disadvantaged: the rediscovery of the family, the neighborhood, and culture","volume":"27","author":"Small","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib90","unstructured":"Statistics Norway, 2000. Population by Country Background. 1970-2000. https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/a\/english\/kortnavn\/innvbef_en\/arkiv\/tab-2000-11-13-10-en.html (accessed 5 February 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib91","unstructured":"Statistics Norway, 2023. Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents. https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/befolkning\/innvandrere\/statistikk\/innvandrere-og-norskfodte-med-innvandrerforeldre (accessed 05 February 2025)."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098015601770","article-title":"Geographies of class advantage: the influence of adolescent neighbourhoods in Oslo","volume":"53","author":"Toft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-018-9484-2","article-title":"Selectivity of migration and the educational disadvantages of second-generation immigrants in ten host societies","volume":"35","author":"Van de Werfhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Popul."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2009.00776.x","article-title":"A dynamic approach to the determinants of immigrants' language proficiency: the United States, 1980\u20132000","volume":"43","author":"Van Tubergen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Migrat. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib95","series-title":"The Economic Penalty of Terrorism: Increase in Discrimination against Arabs and Muslims after Paris attacks","author":"Wagner","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib96","series-title":"Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities","first-page":"156","article-title":"Economic segregation in Oslo: polarisation as a contingent outcome","author":"Wessel","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib97","series-title":"The Truly Disadvantaged: the Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy","author":"Wilson","year":"2012"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add0285","article-title":"Concentrated poverty, ambient air pollution, and child cognitive development","volume":"8","author":"Wodtke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1086\/684137","article-title":"Neighborhood effect heterogeneity by family income and developmental period","volume":"121","author":"Wodtke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122411420816","article-title":"Neighborhood effects in temporal perspective: the impact of long-term exposure to concentrated disadvantage on high school graduation","volume":"76","author":"Wodtke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1086\/724279","article-title":"Are neighborhood effects explained by differences in school quality?","volume":"128","author":"Wodtke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib102","series-title":"Chinatown: the Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave","author":"Zhou","year":"1992"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2435.00165","article-title":"Family pressure and the educational experience of the daughters of Vietnamese refugees","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Migr."}],"container-title":["Social Science Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049089X25000134?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049089X25000134?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T22:44:26Z","timestamp":1745448266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0049089X25000134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["S0049089X25000134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-089X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-089X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ethnic minorities in disadvantaged neighborhoods: Differential effects on educational outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Social Science Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2025.103152","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103152"}}