{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:41:28Z","timestamp":1776418888474,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Steroids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T01:43:04Z","timestamp":1609724584000},"page":"108788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impaired attention in patients with adrenal insufficiency \u2013 Impact of unphysiological therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Antje K.","family":"Blacha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir H.","family":"Rahvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Flitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"van de Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Harbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13043","article-title":"Addison\u2019s disease with polyglandular autoimmunity carries a more than 2\u00b75-fold risk for adrenal crises: German Health insurance data 2010\u20132013","volume":"85","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2009.009101","article-title":"The diagnosis and investigation of adrenal insufficiency in adults","volume":"46","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1710","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"101","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0050","first-page":"882","article-title":"Nebennierenrinden-Insuffizienz - lebensbedrohliche Erkrankung mit vielf\u00e4ltigen Ursachen","volume":"110","author":"Quinkler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt International."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s007610050329","article-title":"Hypophysenademone","volume":"5","author":"Buchfelder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Onkologe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R269","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-1065","article-title":"Diagnosis of endocrine disease: expanding the cause of hypopituitarism","volume":"176","author":"Pekic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.04.015","article-title":"Acute adrenal crisis and mortality in adrenal insufficiency: still a concern in 2018!","volume":"79","author":"Hahner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019Endocrinologie."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810380214","article-title":"Review: replication of cortisol circadian rhythm: new advances in hydrocortisone replacement therapy","volume":"1","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3691913","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular risk in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a short review","volume":"2017","author":"Rahvar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0550","article-title":"Normal overall mortality rate in Addison\u2019s disease, but young patients are at risk of premature death","volume":"160","author":"Erichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2715","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2957","article-title":"Increased mortality in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Falhammar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.08.003","article-title":"Stress hormones and human memory function across the lifespan","volume":"30","author":"Lupien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-6-2505","article-title":"Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation","volume":"117","author":"Reul","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8640970","article-title":"The effect of glucocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor interactions on brain, spinal cord, and glial cell plasticity","volume":"2017","author":"Madalena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.266","article-title":"Stress and hippocampal plasticity: implications for the pathophysiology of affective disorders","volume":"16","author":"McEwen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90079-F","article-title":"Hippocampal formation volume memory dysfunction, and cortisoi levels in patients with cushing\u2019 s syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Starkman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00203-6","article-title":"Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Starkman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200111000-00018","article-title":"Elevated cortisol levels in Cushing\u2019s disease are associated with cognitive decrements","volume":"63","author":"Starkman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00059-2","article-title":"Persistent cognitive impairment following surgical treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Forget","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.11.020","article-title":"Long-term cognitive effects of glucocorticoid excess in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Forget","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/73873","article-title":"Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long-term declarative memory in humans","volume":"3","author":"de Quervain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2002.4080","article-title":"Stress and memory: opposing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation and memory retrieval","volume":"78","author":"Roozendaal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077560","article-title":"Modulation of behavioral inhibition in appetitive extinction following manipulation of adrenal steroids in rats: implications for involvement of the hippocampus","volume":"93","author":"Micco","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.105.6.798","article-title":"Effects of corticosterone on response consolidation and retrieval in the forced swim test","volume":"105","author":"Mitchell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-016-9338-9","article-title":"Exploring the impact of short- and long-term hydrocortisone replacement on cognitive function, quality of life and catecholamine secretion: a pilot study","volume":"41","author":"Harbeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9511-x","article-title":"Episodic memory impairment in Addison\u2019s disease: results from a telephonic cognitive assessment","volume":"29","author":"Henry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.01.025","article-title":"Cognitive function in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison \u2019 s disease)","volume":"55","author":"Schultebraucks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000438791","article-title":"The role of fludrocortisone in cognition and mood in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison\u2019s Disease)","volume":"103","author":"Schultebraucks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0672","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of DHEA treatment effects on quality of life in women with adrenal insufficiency","volume":"94","author":"Alkatib","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0185","first-page":"4650","article-title":"Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison\u2019s disease in a randomized, double blind trial","volume":"85","author":"Hunt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0200","unstructured":"R.H. Wei\u00df, CFT 20-R Grundintelligenztest, Skala 2 \u2013 Revision, Manual, Hogrefe , G\u00f6ttingen, 2006. https:\/\/www.testzentrale.de\/shop\/cft-20-r-komplett-ohne-ws-zf-bestehend-aus-manual-cft-20-r-testheft-cft-20-r-10-antwortbogen-cft-20-r-10-auswertungsbogen-cft-20-r-und-mappe-cft-20-r.html (accessed January 30, 2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0205","unstructured":"S. Lehrl, J. Merz, S. Fischer, G. Burkhard, MWT-A Mehrfach-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest, 1. Auflage, Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0210","unstructured":"U. Tewes, Der Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr Erwachsene, 2.Auflage, Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0215","unstructured":"R.M. Reitan, Der Trail Making Test., 1. Auflage, Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0220","unstructured":"R. Brickenkamp, L. Schmidt-Atzert, D. Liepmann, Test d2 \u2013 Revision Aufmerksamkeits- und Konzentrationstest, 2010th ed., Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0225","unstructured":"P. Zimmermann, B. Fimm, Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung - Version 2.3, Herzogenrath: Psychologische Testsysteme. (2012). https:\/\/www.psytest.net\/index.php?page=TAP-2-2&hl=de_DE (accessed January 30, 2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.02.001","article-title":"The effects of two different doses of hydrocortisone on cognition in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency - results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Buning","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.06.015","article-title":"Effects of glucose infusion on neuroendocrine and cognitive parameters in Addison disease","volume":"58","author":"Klement","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.09.029","article-title":"Mild cognitive deficits in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"63","author":"Tiemensma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.07.021","article-title":"Processing speed and the relationship between Trail Making Test-B performance, cortical thinning and white matter microstructure in older adults","volume":"95","author":"MacPherson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.13.2.230","article-title":"The trail making test: a study in focal lesion patients","volume":"13","author":"Stuss","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2002000600002","article-title":"The cerebral correlates of set-shifting: an fMRI study of the trail making test","volume":"60","author":"Moll","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390601161166","article-title":"Verbal fluency, Trail Making, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance following right frontal lobe tumor resection","volume":"30","author":"Davidson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12860","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships among depressive symptoms, cortisol, and brain atrophy in the neocortex and the hippocampus","volume":"137","author":"Lebedeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S153213","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of cognitive impairment in frontotemporal dementia: an open-label pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Antczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2231","article-title":"Verbal and visual memory performance and hippocampal volumes, measured by 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging, in patients with cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Resmini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/271","article-title":"Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits","volume":"1","author":"Lupien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9082-5","article-title":"Effects of short-term nocturnal cortisol replacement on cognitive function and quality of life in patients with primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency: a pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Harbeck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.008","article-title":"Stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor improves memory in young and elderly healthy individuals","volume":"36","author":"Hinkelmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.06.018","article-title":"Neurochemistry International Neuronal damage and cognitive impairment associated with hypoglycemia: an integrated view","author":"Languren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."}],"container-title":["Steroids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039128X20302142?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039128X20302142?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T10:07:06Z","timestamp":1758535626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039128X20302142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0039128X20302142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-128X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-128X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impaired attention in patients with adrenal insufficiency \u2013 Impact of unphysiological therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Steroids","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108788","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108788"}}