{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T09:59:30Z","timestamp":1763978370705,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T16:04:46Z","timestamp":1690473886000},"page":"1191-1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diabetic Soft Tissue Infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Castater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adora","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Freedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Sciarretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(00)00255-8","article-title":"Innate immune response mechanisms in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients assessed by flow cytoenzymology","volume":"74","author":"Llorente","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199701)14:1<29::AID-DIA300>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients","volume":"14","author":"Delamaire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1451","article-title":"Altered cytokine and nitric oxide secretion in\u00a0vitro by macrophages from diabetic type II-like db\/db mice","volume":"49","author":"Zykova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2925-2929.2000","article-title":"Impairment of endotoxin-induced macrophage inflammatory protein 2 gene expression in alveolar macrophages in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"68","author":"Amano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/mgme.2001.3185","article-title":"Impairment of type III group B Streptococcus-stimulated superoxide production and opsonophagocytosis by neutrophils in diabetes","volume":"73","author":"Mazade","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1201","article-title":"Diabetes enhances mRNA levels of proapoptotic genes and caspase activity, which contribute to impaired healing","volume":"55","author":"Al-Mashat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00803.x","article-title":"Methylglyoxal modulates immune responses: relevance to diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Price","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2010.06.002","article-title":"High glucose disrupts oligosaccharide recognition function via competitive inhibition: a potential mechanism for immune dysregulation in diabetes mellitus","volume":"216","author":"Ilyas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00006","article-title":"A\u00a0U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization","volume":"144","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-1","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"de Leon","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.39.3.271","article-title":"Handicaps to host defense. Effects of hyperglycemia on C3 and Candida albicans","volume":"39","author":"Hostetter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(00)80010-9","article-title":"Mucormycosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses","volume":"33","author":"Ferguson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.249","article-title":"Diabetes and Risk of Surgical Site Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1408","article-title":"Perioperative glycemic control and the risk of infectious complications in a cohort of adults with diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Golden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32169","article-title":"Cellular and molecular basis of wound healing in diabetes","volume":"117","author":"Brem","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2010.179","article-title":"Postoperative hyperglycemia and surgical site infection in general surgery patients","volume":"145","author":"Ata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1086\/501830","article-title":"The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients","volume":"22","author":"Latham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)00014-4","article-title":"Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures","volume":"67","author":"Furnary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2015.06.004","article-title":"The effectiveness of tight glycemic control on decreasing surgical site infections and readmission rates in adult patients with diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Boreland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib20","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org. Accessed February 26, 2023."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.2.217","article-title":"Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes","volume":"293","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-5-26","article-title":"Diabetic foot disease in the United Kingdom: about time to put feet first","volume":"5","author":"McInnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13054","article-title":"Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0586","article-title":"National and State-Level Trends in Nontraumatic Lower-Extremity Amputation Among U.S. Medicare Beneficiaries With Diabetes, 2000-2017","volume":"43","author":"Harding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib25","series-title":"The evidence base for diabetes care","first-page":"641","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations: Evidence for prevention","author":"Reiber","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-3930.62596","article-title":"Understanding diabetic foot","volume":"30","author":"Pendsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib27","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment, and therapy","volume":"47","author":"Bowering","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11552","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111552","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Molecular Imaging of Diabetic Foot Infections","volume":"22","author":"Rubitschung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399815666191001101910","article-title":"Prevalence and Associates of Foot Deformities among Patients with Diabetes in Jordan","volume":"16","author":"Ababneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15406\/jdmdc.2016.03.00062","article-title":"A\u00a0review of the pathophysiology and clinical sequelae of diabetic polyneuropathy in the feet","volume":"3","author":"Cancelliere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes, Metabolic Disorders & Control"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2019.02.001","article-title":"The diabetic foot: Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Bandyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53480-4.00008-4","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy and foot complications","volume":"126","author":"Boulton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib33","first-page":"918267","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and wound healing","volume":"2012","author":"Kolluru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Vasc Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.116","article-title":"Impaired T-cell differentiation in diabetic foot ulceration","volume":"14","author":"Moura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01582","article-title":"The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System","volume":"11","author":"Daryabor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib36","unstructured":"Oliver T.I., Mutluoglu M., Diabetic Foot Ulcer. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537328\/. Accessed February 17, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-012-0004-9","article-title":"Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"3","author":"Alexiadou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib38","first-page":"1325","article-title":"Diabetic foot ulcers: prevention, diagnosis and classification","volume":"57","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3199","article-title":"Amputation and mortality in new-onset diabetic foot ulcers stratified by etiology: response to Moulik, Mtonga, and Gill","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.8.1354","article-title":"Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7-8 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2756","article-title":"Assessment of foot perfusion in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"32","author":"Forsythe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9021","article-title":"Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists","volume":"31","author":"Boulton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.12.2161","article-title":"Preventive foot care in people with diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Mayfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib44","first-page":"S78","article-title":"Preventive foot care in people with diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Mayfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00698.x","article-title":"The North-West Diabetes Foot Care Study: incidence of, and risk factors for, new diabetic foot ulceration in a community-based patient cohort","volume":"19","author":"Abbott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.1.157","article-title":"Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings","volume":"22","author":"Reiber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp032966","article-title":"Clinical practice. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"351","author":"Boulton","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1458","article-title":"Diabetic somatic neuropathies","volume":"27","author":"Boulton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(07)60001-5","article-title":"Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision)","volume":"45","author":"Frykberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence","volume":"376","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3281","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3281","article-title":"Diagnosis of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Senneville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib52","first-page":"71","article-title":"Diabetic foot infection","volume":"78","author":"Bader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Journal of Inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Punchard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Inflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(96)80075-5","article-title":"Leukocytosis is a poor indicator of acute osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Armstrong","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701801107","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome in 223 diabetic patients with deep foot infections","volume":"18","author":"Eneroth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.12.033","article-title":"Update on functional imaging in the evaluation of diabetic foot infection","volume":"16","author":"Iyengar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01228-1","article-title":"Diabetic foot infections: how to investigate more efficiently? A retrospective study in a quaternary university center","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v5.24445","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot","volume":"5","author":"Malhotra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13569","article-title":"Update on management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"1411","author":"Everett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis346","article-title":"2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"54","author":"Lipsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3266","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3266","article-title":"Practical Guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update)","volume":"36","author":"Schaper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390160058013","article-title":"Outpatient management of uncomplicated lower-extremity infections in diabetic patients","volume":"150","author":"Lipsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12429","article-title":"Comparing the Meggitt-Wagner and the University of Texas wound classification systems for diabetic foot ulcers: inter-observer analyses","volume":"13","author":"Santema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.1.84","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of two diabetic foot ulcer classification systems: the Wagner and the University of Texas wound classification systems","volume":"24","author":"Oyibo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29629","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v6.29629","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a hospital-based case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Pemayun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.286","article-title":"Can aggressive treatment of diabetic foot infections reduce the need for above-ankle amputation?","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_861_19","article-title":"Educating patients of diabetes mellitus for diabetic foot care","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1178","article-title":"Reduction in diabetic amputations over 11 years in a defined U.K. population: benefits of multidisciplinary team work and continuous prospective audit","volume":"31","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12320","article-title":"Reduced incidence of lower-extremity amputations in a Danish diabetes population from 2000 to 2011","volume":"31","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-016-0111-0","article-title":"Reducing major lower extremity amputations after the introduction of a multidisciplinary team in patient with diabetes foot ulcer","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp031807","article-title":"Cellulitis","volume":"350","author":"Swartz","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15186","article-title":"Risk factors for nonpurulent leg cellulitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Quirke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib73","first-page":"119","article-title":"Common bacterial skin infections","volume":"66","author":"Stulberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Fam Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70442-3","article-title":"Current aspects of bacterial infections of the skin","volume":"15","author":"Sadick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400750045213","article-title":"Clinical syndromes associated with adult pneumococcal cellulitis","volume":"32","author":"Parada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00005","article-title":"Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. USA 300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"144","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055356","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department","volume":"355","author":"Moran","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1086\/313525","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of blood cultures for adult patients with cellulitis","volume":"29","author":"Perl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108520","article-title":"Evaluation of the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score for detecting necrotizing soft tissue infections in patients with diabetes and lower extremity infection","volume":"171","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib80","first-page":"497","article-title":"Evaluation and management of necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"31","author":"Bonne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1086\/511638","article-title":"Necrotizing soft-tissue infection: Diagnosis and management","volume":"44","author":"Anaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib82","first-page":"135","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"35","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu444","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199611000-00011","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"224","author":"Elliott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002774","article-title":"Necrotizing soft tissue infection: Diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and LRINEC score","volume":"269","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.173868","article-title":"Early Surgical Intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience","volume":"9","author":"Hadeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emergencies, Trauma, Shock"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1702302","article-title":"Ecthyma Gangrenosum","volume":"377","author":"Korte","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01635-6","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections: An Update","volume":"81","author":"Reynolds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac297","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac297","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Among Hospitalized Patients With Diabetic Foot Infections","volume":"9","author":"Veve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000717","article-title":"Skin manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"34","author":"Spernovasilis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605195","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/605195","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Diabetes Patients with Foot Ulcers","volume":"2011","author":"Sivanmaliappan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2022.150","article-title":"Changing Bacterial Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles as Prognostic Determinants of Diabetic Foot Infections: A Ten-Year Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"Surme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2277-6","article-title":"Ecthyma gangrenosum and ecthyma-like lesions: review article","volume":"34","author":"Vaiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-015-0401-3","article-title":"Polymicrobial biofilms by diabetic foot clinical isolates","volume":"61","author":"Mottola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212527","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.212527","article-title":"How to manage Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"7","author":"Bassetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.04.018","article-title":"Hospitalist perspective on the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"89","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1133-5","article-title":"Ceftolozane\/tazobactam for the treatment of XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections","volume":"46","author":"Escol\u00e0-Verg\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80275-6","article-title":"Plantar puncture wounds: controversies and treatment recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Chisholm","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2012.02.002","article-title":"Puncture wounds of the foot","volume":"29","author":"Haverstock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30958-5","article-title":"Puncture wounds of the foot","volume":"6","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib101","first-page":"126","article-title":"Soft tissue and bone infections from puncture wounds in children","volume":"166","author":"Laughlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib102","first-page":"91","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens in infected puncture wounds in adults with diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Lavery","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.12.1588","article-title":"Infected puncture wounds in diabetic and nondiabetic adults","volume":"18","author":"Lavery","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2019.08.013","article-title":"Outcomes of Foot Infections Secondary to Puncture Injuries in Patients With and Without Diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Truong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib105","article-title":"A\u00a0Comparison of Pathogens in Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Pedal Osteomyelitis in Puncture Wound Injuries Affecting the Foot","author":"Truong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01525-09","article-title":"Fusarium proliferatum soft tissue infection at the site of a puncture by a plant: recovery, isolation, and direct molecular identification","volume":"48","author":"Palmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib107","first-page":"E109","article-title":"Chronic multifocal Mycobacterium fortuitum osteomyelitis following penetrating plantar trauma","volume":"41","author":"Cruz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701800908","article-title":"Calcaneal osteomyelitis caused by nail puncture wounds","volume":"18","author":"Laughlin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80082-2","article-title":"Sneakers as a source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with osteomyelitis following puncture wounds","volume":"106","author":"Fisher","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198410000-00005","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing osteomyelitis after puncture wounds of the foot","volume":"77","author":"Graham","year":"1984","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib111","first-page":"545","article-title":"Wound site as a predictor of complications following deep nail punctures to the foot","volume":"150","author":"Patzakis","year":"1989","journal-title":"West J Med. May"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002_bib112","first-page":"439","article-title":"Tetanus prophylaxis in the treatment of puncture wounds of patients in the deep South","volume":"2","author":"HOUSTON","year":"1962","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"}],"container-title":["Surgical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039610923001056?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039610923001056?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:15:28Z","timestamp":1758539728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039610923001056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0039610923001056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6109"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0039-6109"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diabetic Soft Tissue Infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Surgical Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2023.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}