{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:07:02Z","timestamp":1789819622000,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surgjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:28:13Z","timestamp":1788190093000},"page":"110581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cThere is a target on you\u201d: Female neurosurgeons' and cardiothoracic surgeons' experiences of overt and covert discrimination in the workplace"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-2826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leeat","family":"Granek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan R.","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Forcillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Too","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara I.","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Benzil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib1","article-title":"Women in cardiac surgery: a global workforce analysis","volume":"67","author":"Izumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.8.FOCUS23473","article-title":"The neurosurgeon workforce: a geographical gender-focused analysis of the trends in representation of neurosurgeons and choices in training over 70 years","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.09.069","article-title":"Status of women in congenital heart surgery: results from a national survey","volume":"164","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.04.13","article-title":"US women in thoracic surgery: reflections on the past and opportunities for the future","volume":"13","author":"Preventza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.12.FOCUS20902","article-title":"Women neurosurgeons around the world: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Lulla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.2171","article-title":"The gender gap in surgical residencies","volume":"155","author":"Bennett","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007089","article-title":"The glass ceiling in plastic surgery: a propensity-matched analysis of the gender gap in career advancement","volume":"146","author":"Ngaage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.166","article-title":"Factors in residency decision making for female neurosurgery applicants","volume":"140","author":"McNutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.11.178","article-title":"Gender differences between male and female neurosurgeons: is there equality for all?","volume":"136","author":"Gadjradj","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.045","article-title":"A questionnaire to assess the challenges faced by women who quit working as full-time neurosurgeons","volume":"133","author":"Maehara","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2022.100890","article-title":"Gender disparity in neurosurgery: a multinational survey on gender-related career satisfaction","volume":"2","author":"Zeitlberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain and Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106517","article-title":"Mistreatment, discrimination and burn-out in neurosurgery","volume":"202","author":"Gadjradj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2024.09.053","article-title":"Intersection of race and gender in the cardiothoracic workforce: study of representation and salary","volume":"119","author":"Tompkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.07.034","article-title":"The cost of being a woman in academic cardiothoracic surgery: joint collaboration of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforces on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and Cardiothoracic Surgery Practice Models","volume":"117","author":"Erkmen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.12.FOCUS20919","article-title":"Slow progress in the visibility of women in neurosurgery in the United States: opportunity for improvement","volume":"50","author":"Ganju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx251","article-title":"Tracking career paths of women in neurosurgery","volume":"82","author":"Renfrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/9\/0378","article-title":"The future of neurosurgery: a white paper on the recruitment and retention of women in neurosurgery","volume":"109","author":"Benzil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.8.PEDS24359","article-title":"Why so slow? the advancement of females in neurosurgery: a 30-year analysis","volume":"35","author":"Muzyka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2025.2535414","article-title":"Progress or stagnation? is neurosurgery remaining a men's world?","volume":"30","author":"Rapp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Educ Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2024.115974","article-title":"Gender bias in surgery: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"242","author":"Lech","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11071002","article-title":"Female medical students' experiences of sexism during clinical placements: a qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib22","article-title":"Physician mothers' experience of workplace discrimination: a qualitative analysis","volume":"363","author":"Halley","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00384-X","article-title":"A qualitative study of sexual harassment of female doctors by patients","volume":"45","author":"Schneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10228","article-title":"Defining barriers and facilitators to advancement for women in academic surgery","volume":"2","author":"Thompson-Burdine","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib25","series-title":"Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through qualitative research","author":"Charmaz","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib26","series-title":"Encyclopedia of research design","volume":"1","author":"Salkind","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.6.JNS201649","article-title":"Toward an understanding of sexual harassment in neurosurgery","volume":"135","author":"Benzil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2019.05.011","article-title":"Sexual harassment in vascular surgery training programs","volume":"62","author":"Nukala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.07.009","article-title":"Sexual harassment and cardiothoracic surgery:# UsToo?","volume":"109","author":"Ceppa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Employment law: proving racial and gender bias under title VII","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Judges' Book"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12289","article-title":"Work as a masculinity contest","volume":"74","author":"Berdahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2024.09.011","article-title":"The impact of mentoring on academic career success in surgical subspecialties: a systematic review","volume":"81","author":"Case","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Surg Educ"}],"container-title":["Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039606026005064?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039606026005064?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T11:22:32Z","timestamp":1789816952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039606026005064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0039606026005064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6060"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-6060","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cThere is a target on you\u201d: Female neurosurgeons' and cardiothoracic surgeons' experiences of overt and covert discrimination in the workplace","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110581","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110581"}}