{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:04:21Z","timestamp":1790802261996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-CC140357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-CC140357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00276632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00276632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002551","name":"Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["34-2023-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34-2023-0020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surgjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:58:55Z","timestamp":1788307135000},"page":"110599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep learning using wearable single-lead electrocardiograms for early detection of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Seungho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoi","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ja Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woochul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong Won","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Jun","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"June Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoun-Joong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2354-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0309","article-title":"American Thyroid Association statement on postoperative hypoparathyroidism: diagnosis, prevention, and management in adults","volume":"28","author":"Orloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1308\/003588414X13814021679753","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia in a tertiary endocrine surgical unit","volume":"96","author":"Edafe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.614089","article-title":"A meta-analysis of risk factors for transient and permanent hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy","volume":"10","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9384","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictors of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia","volume":"101","author":"Edafe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0803050","article-title":"Clinical practice. Hypoparathyroidism","volume":"359","author":"Shoback","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3907","article-title":"Management of hypoparathyroidism: summary statement and guidelines","volume":"101","author":"Brandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrac102","article-title":"Definition and diagnosis of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Nagel","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0543","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of unplanned reoperations, emergency department visits and hospital readmission after thyroidectomy","volume":"28","author":"Margolick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-25-0337","article-title":"Point-of-care ionised calcium testing: lab validation and clinical feasibility study","volume":"14","author":"Garcia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2018.06.019","article-title":"Same day discharge after thyroidectomy is safe and effective","volume":"164","author":"Reinhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2024.02.037","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of outpatient thyroidectomy: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis","volume":"236","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01333-w","article-title":"Role of the 2018 American Thyroid Association statement on postoperative hypoparathyroidism: a 5-year retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)03423-9","article-title":"Effects of calcium treatment on QT interval and QT dispersion in hypocalcemia","volume":"91","author":"Eryol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.001","article-title":"Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation","volume":"55","author":"Drew","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31825e6eb3","article-title":"Postoperative QT interval prolongation in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia","volume":"117","author":"Nagele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3994","article-title":"Multichannel electrocardiograms obtained by a smartwatch for the diagnosis of ST-segment changes","volume":"5","author":"Spaccarotella","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85722-8","article-title":"A noninvasive hyperkalemia monitoring system for dialysis patients based on a 1D-CNN model and single-lead ECG from wearable devices","volume":"15","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2024.07.023","article-title":"Serum potassium monitoring using AI-enabled smartwatch electrocardiograms","volume":"10","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12839","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for detecting electrolyte imbalance using electrocardiography","volume":"26","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2019.07.001","article-title":"Preoperative vitamin D level as a post-total thyroidectomy hypocalcemia predictor: a prospective study","volume":"87","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.22551\/2024.44.1103.10296","article-title":"Incidence of transient and chronic hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy\u2013the experience of a tertiary center","volume":"11","author":"Velicescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2014.25","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy","volume":"140","author":"Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib23","first-page":"120","article-title":"The OpenCV library","volume":"25","author":"Bradski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dr Dobb\u2019s J Softw Tools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","article-title":"SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib27","first-page":"6105","article-title":"EfficientNet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","volume":"97","author":"Tan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib28","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"2261","article-title":"Densely connected convolutional networks","author":"Huang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib29","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"770","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"He","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib30","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"5987","article-title":"Aggregated residual transformations for deep neural networks","author":"Xie","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9562","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3158966","article-title":"RegNet: self-regulated network for image classification","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45670-9","article-title":"Hardware implementation of memristor-based artificial neural networks","volume":"15","author":"Aguirre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib33","first-page":"23803","article-title":"Cross-entropy loss functions: theoretical analysis and applications","volume":"202","author":"Mao","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000515)19:9<1141::AID-SIM479>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Bootstrap confidence intervals: when, which, what? A practical guide for medical statisticians","volume":"19","author":"Carpenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6432","article-title":"Efficient statistical tests to compare Youden index: accounting for contingency correlation","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02198-2","article-title":"Methods of determining optimal cut-point of diagnostic biomarkers with application of clinical data in ROC analysis: an update review","volume":"24","author":"Hassanzad","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib37","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","first-page":"618","article-title":"Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-020-01533-8","article-title":"Recurrent hypocalcaemic torsades de pointes due to hungry bone syndrome: a rare complication of thyroidectomy","volume":"29","author":"Hagdorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neth Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3559","article-title":"Hypocalcaemia as an important differential diagnosis in patients suffering from stridor following thyroidectomy","volume":"9","author":"Nitschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-0348-0","article-title":"An algorithm informed by the parathyroid hormone level reduces hypocalcemic complications of thyroidectomy","volume":"34","author":"Wiseman","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901183","article-title":"Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation","volume":"381","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31721-0","article-title":"An artificial intelligence-enabled ECG algorithm for the identification of patients with atrial fibrillation during sinus rhythm: a retrospective analysis of outcome prediction","volume":"394","author":"Attia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023219","article-title":"Wearable smartwatch facilitated remote health management for patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrad128","article-title":"Impact of wearable wireless continuous vital sign monitoring in abdominal surgical patients: before\u2013after study","volume":"8","author":"Leenen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2008.12.002","article-title":"Theoretical investigation of action potential duration dependence on extracellular Ca2+ in human cardiomyocytes","volume":"46","author":"Grandi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65223-w","article-title":"Evaluating regression and probabilistic methods for ECG-based electrolyte prediction","volume":"14","author":"von Bachmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2022.09.021","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiography identifies severe dyscalcemias and has prognostic value","volume":"536","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2006.03.010","article-title":"Routine oral calcium and vitamin D supplements for prevention of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy","volume":"192","author":"Roh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2025.07.003","article-title":"Hypocalcemia post total thyroidectomy: a ten-year, comprehensive audit of a standardized supplementation protocol","volume":"31","author":"Chindris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"}],"container-title":["Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039606026005246?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039606026005246?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:24:05Z","timestamp":1790799845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039606026005246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0039606026005246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6060"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-6060","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deep learning using wearable single-lead electrocardiograms for early detection of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2026.110599","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110599"}}