{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:16:01Z","timestamp":1792718161134,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Surgeon"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T13:34:25Z","timestamp":1359725665000},"page":"210-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Tumescent anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Patrick H.","family":"Conroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"O'Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/074880688700400403","article-title":"The tumescent technique for liposuction surgery","volume":"4","author":"Klein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cosmet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3180eaa10a","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of high-dose diluted lignocaine in local anesthesia for facelift procedures","volume":"29","author":"Ramon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200312000-00020","article-title":"Tumescent local anesthesia for the surgical treatment of burns and postburn sequelae in pediatric patients","volume":"99","author":"Bussolin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2005.21536.x","article-title":"Total mastectomy under local anesthesia: the tumescent technique","volume":"11","author":"Carlson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181b553bb","article-title":"Tumescent local anesthesia for excision and flap procedures in treatment of pilonidal disease","volume":"52","author":"Kayaalp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib6","first-page":"522","article-title":"Endoscopic total thyroidectomy","volume":"13","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Soc Laparoendosc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2009.10.001","article-title":"The history of liposuction","volume":"28","author":"Ahern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.036","article-title":"Local anaesthetics as antimicrobial agents: a review","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000327375","article-title":"Safety of tumescent liposuction under local anesthesia in a series of 4380 patients","volume":"222","author":"Boeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2006.32159.x","article-title":"ASDS guidelines of care for tumescent liposuction","volume":"32","author":"Svedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2005.07.003","article-title":"Liposuction: contemporary issues for the anesthesiologist","volume":"18","author":"Kucera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib12","first-page":"4","article-title":"Advances in techniques for endovenous ablation of truncal veins","volume":"11","author":"Munavalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skin Ther Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2007.89.8.822","article-title":"A simple technique to achieve adequate tumescent anaesthesia for endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the great saphenous vein","volume":"89","author":"Pencavel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s004230000138","article-title":"Subcutaneous infusion anesthesia with diluted mixtures of prilocain and ropivacain","volume":"385","author":"Breuninger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-010-9625-4","article-title":"Syringe-delivered tumescent anesthesia made easier","volume":"35","author":"Lapid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib16","series-title":"Atlas of cosmetic surgery","author":"Kaminer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2011.011055","article-title":"Simple system for perivenous tumescent infusion for endovenous laser ablation","volume":"27","author":"Alomari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000145318.04869.8E","article-title":"Tumescent anesthesia for office-based liposuction","volume":"100","author":"De Jong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib19","series-title":"Tumescent technique: tumescent anesthesia & microcannular liposuction","author":"Klein","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.04.016","article-title":"Dermal tumescent local anesthesia in cutaneous surgery","volume":"53","author":"Behroozan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1700476","article-title":"Hair transplantation surgery","volume":"41","author":"Khanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200108000-00009","article-title":"A comparison of two methods of infiltration in breast reduction surgery","volume":"108","author":"Armour","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.3.279","article-title":"Tumescent infiltration of corticosteroids, lignocaine, and adrenaline into dermatomes of acute herpetic pain or postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"134","author":"Chiarello","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2007.07.009","article-title":"Endovenous radiofrequency ablation of superficial and perforator veins","volume":"87","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04036.x","article-title":"Reliability and cost-effectiveness of complete lymph node dissection under tumescent local anaesthesia vs. general anaesthesia: a retrospective analysis in patients with malignant melanoma AJCC stage III","volume":"26","author":"Stoffels","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.44159","article-title":"Tumescent liposuction: a review","volume":"1","author":"Venkataram","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2008.12.003","article-title":"Varicose veins","volume":"55","author":"Bhayani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib28","first-page":"45","article-title":"Thermometric investigations of the perivenous temperature during endovenous laser therapy of varicose veins","volume":"vol. 131","author":"Lahl","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib29","series-title":"Vascular surgery: cases, questions, and commentaries","author":"Geroulakos","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/229255030701500310","article-title":"Office anesthesia for breast augmentation made easy","volume":"15","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2009.12.011","article-title":"Use of tumescent mastectomy technique as a risk factor for native breast skin flap necrosis following immediate breast reconstruction","volume":"201","author":"Chun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-011-1913-y","article-title":"Additive risk of tumescent technique in patients undergoing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction","volume":"18","author":"Seth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e31820ee852","article-title":"Cleft-lift operation for pilonidal sinuses under tumescent local anesthesia: a prospective cohort study of peri- and postoperative pain","volume":"54","author":"Bertelsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200104010-00022","article-title":"Perioperative management of cosmetic liposuction","volume":"107","author":"de Jong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1990.tb03961.x","article-title":"Tumescent technique for regional anesthesia permits lidocaine doses of 35\u00a0mg\/kg for liposuction","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1159\/000327382","article-title":"Tumescent liposuction: partitioning of lignocaine at a lower dose (252\u00a0mg\/l)","volume":"222","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib37","unstructured":"Isohanni M. Cytochrome P450-mediated drug interactions affecting lignocaine. Academic dissertation. University of Heilsinki; 2009; p. 10\u201330."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2006.09.006","article-title":"Local infiltration of adrenaline-containing lignocaine with bicarbonate reduces superficial bleeding and pain during labor epidural catheter insertion: a randomized trial","volume":"16","author":"Carvalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199911000-00064","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of tumescent lignocaine","volume":"104","author":"Klein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.00936.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications","volume":"50","author":"Cassuto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199902000-00047","article-title":"The antibacterial effects of tumescent liposuction fluid","volume":"103","author":"Craig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.82652","article-title":"Liposuction: anaesthesia challenges","volume":"55","author":"Sood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199903000-00036","article-title":"The tumescent technique: the effect of high tissue pressure and dilute adrenaline on absorption of lignocaine","volume":"103","author":"Rubin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-009-9343-y","article-title":"Effect of subcutaneous lignocaine infiltration on blood loss secondary to corporal lipoaspiration: a prospective, randomized, double-masked clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Llanos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000111591.62685.F8","article-title":"Practice advisory on liposuction","volume":"11","author":"Iverson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2000.01471.x","article-title":"Chemical stability of bupivacaine, lidocaine and epinephrine in pH-adjusted solutions","volume":"55","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1988.tb03469.x","article-title":"Anesthesia for liposuction in dermatologic surgery","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1990.tb01570.x","article-title":"Neutralized lidocaine with epinephrine for local anesthesia \u2013 II","volume":"16","author":"Stewart","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006581.pub2","article-title":"Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection","author":"Cepeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198701000-00002","article-title":"Dependence of lidocaine potency on pH and PCO2","volume":"66","author":"Bokesch","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.1990.tb00375.x","article-title":"Factors influencing precipitation of pH-adjusted bupivacaine solutions","volume":"15","author":"Bourget","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib52","first-page":"1060","article-title":"The role of hyaluronidase on lidocaine and bupivacaine pharmacokinetics after peribulbar blockade","volume":"82","author":"Nathan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200508000-00001","article-title":"Use of hyaluronidase in the treatment of granulomatous hyaluronic acid reactions or unwanted hyaluronic acid misplacement","volume":"31","author":"Brody","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib54","series-title":"Hyaluronidase. AHFS drug information","author":"McEvoy","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib55","series-title":"Introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: the quantitative basis of drug therapy","author":"Tozer","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00885.x","article-title":"Plasma lignocaine levels after liposuction with tumescent anesthesia","volume":"49","author":"Nordstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31825dc408","article-title":"Prospective study of lignocaine, bupivacaine, and adrenaline levels and blood loss in patients undergoing liposuction and abdominoplasty","volume":"130","author":"Swanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)32560-8","article-title":"Tumescent liposuction. A surgeon's perspective","volume":"23","author":"Pitman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000128423.84607.61","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide in liposuction: a microdialysis study","volume":"114","author":"Kenkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199405000-00017","article-title":"Plasma lidocaine levels during suction-assisted lipectomy using large doses of dilute lidocaine with epinephrine","volume":"93","author":"Samdal","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000161678.10555.53","article-title":"Rapid absorption of tumescent lidocaine above the clavicles:\u00a0a prospective clinical study","volume":"115","author":"Rubin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1996.tb00634.x","article-title":"Tumescent anesthesia with a lignocaine dose of 55\u00a0mg\/kg is safe for liposuction","volume":"22","author":"Ostad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199606000-00009","article-title":"Lidocaine and epinephrine levels in tumescent technique liposuction","volume":"97","author":"Burk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-007-1169-x","article-title":"Tumescent anaesthesia for dermatological surgery. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and prilocaine","volume":"56","author":"Rudlof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000111595.40119.E6","article-title":"Practice advisory on liposuction \u2013 discussion","volume":"113","author":"Kenkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib66","first-page":"564","article-title":"Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-007-1169-x","article-title":"Tumescent anaesthesia for dermatological surgery. Plasma concentrations of lignocaine and prilocaine","volume":"56","author":"Rudlof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Der Anaesthesist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03653.x","article-title":"Influence of high dose tumescent local anaesthesia with prilocaine on systemic interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1","volume":"24","author":"Schmittner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-004-0009-5","article-title":"Prilocaine plasma levels and methemoglobinemia in patients undergoing tumescent liposuction involving less than 2000\u00a0ml","volume":"28","author":"Lindenblatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199716060-00005","article-title":"Preliminary risk-benefit analysis of ropivacaine in labour and following surgery","volume":"16","author":"Cederholm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.99087.x","article-title":"Ropivacaine: an important anesthetic agent for slow infusion and other forms of tumescent anesthesia","volume":"25","author":"Breuninger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1994.tb03216.x","article-title":"Pain of injection and duration of anesthesia for intradermal infiltration of lignocaine, bupivacaine, and etidocaine","volume":"20","author":"Howe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b455d0","article-title":"Intraoperative use of bupivacaine for tumescent liposuction: the Robert Wood Johnson experience","volume":"124","author":"Failey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib74","first-page":"89","article-title":"Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of coadministered lidocaine and bupivacaine","volume":"16","author":"Kytt\u00e4","year":"1991","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1949.tb05802.x","article-title":"Xylocain \u2014 a new local analgesic","volume":"4","author":"Gordh","year":"1949","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib76","unstructured":"Summary of product characteristics: adrenaline tartrate, lignocaine hydrochloride anhydrous solution for injection. www.medicines.ie, http:\/\/www.medicines.ie\/medicine\/12822\/SPC\/Xylocaine+2++with+Adrenaline\/#POSOLOGY. [accessed 28.10.12]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009921805662","article-title":"Mega-dose lignocaine dangers seen in \u201ctumescent\u201d liposuction","volume":"16","author":"de Jong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31822e0d8a","article-title":"American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version","volume":"37","author":"Neal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2010.06472.x","article-title":"Awareness of local anaesthetic toxicity issues among hospital staff","volume":"65","author":"Collins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1995.tb00213.x","article-title":"Safety of tumescent liposuction in 15,336 patients. National survey results","volume":"21","author":"Hanke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200504000-00021","article-title":"Pulmonary atelectasis: a pathogenic perioperative entity","volume":"102","author":"Duggan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200211000-00005","article-title":"Current concepts in resuscitation of patients with local anesthetic cardiac toxicity","volume":"27","author":"Weinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200612000-00008","article-title":"Survey of anesthesia-related mortality in France","volume":"105","author":"Lienhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31819b5bdc","article-title":"Epidemiology of anesthesia-related mortality in the United States, 1999\u20132005","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905133401904","article-title":"Deaths related to liposuction","volume":"340","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1997.tb00473.x","article-title":"The two standards of care for tumescent liposuction","volume":"23","author":"Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib87","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Tumescent lignocaine maximum safe mg\/kg dosage (TLA) study. NCT00977028."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib88","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Lignocaine pharmacokinetics during tumescent infiltrative anaesthesia for mastectomy. NCT01687348."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib89","series-title":"Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199601000-00003","article-title":"Warmed local anesthetic reduces pain on infiltration","volume":"36","author":"Fialkov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1996.tb00621.x","article-title":"Comparison of room temperature and warmed local anesthetic solution for tumescent liposuction. A randomized double-blind study","volume":"22","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009_bib92","series-title":"Local anesthetics","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["The Surgeon"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1479666X13000061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1479666X13000061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T12:01:31Z","timestamp":1737633691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1479666X13000061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1479666X13000061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-666X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-666X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Tumescent anaesthesia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Surgeon","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surge.2012.12.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}