{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T04:02:44Z","timestamp":1769918564226,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgical Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,5]],"date-time":"2007-12-05T14:16:23Z","timestamp":1196864183000},"page":"615-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Citicoline improves functional recovery, promotes nerve regeneration, and reduces postoperative scarring after peripheral nerve surgery in rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Rafet","family":"\u00d6zay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Bekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Kocaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Necdet","family":"Karl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclaydan","family":"Filiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0130. Hakk\u0131","family":"Ulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-3042.2001.00697.x","article-title":"Citicoline: neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia","volume":"80","author":"Adibhatla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1001.096010","article-title":"Effects of citicoline on phospholipid and glutathione levels in transient cerebral ischemia","volume":"32","author":"Adibhatla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10403","article-title":"Citicoline mechanisms and clinical efficacy in cerebral ischemia","volume":"70","author":"Adibhatla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10672","article-title":"Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia","volume":"73","author":"Adibhatla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.109.2.161.4273","article-title":"Ischemic brain injury caused by interrupted versus uninterrupted occlusion in hypotensive rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage: neuroprotective effects of citicoline","volume":"109","author":"Alkan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.7.1464","article-title":"Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model","volume":"30","author":"Andersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib7","first-page":"201","article-title":"Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects","volume":"19","author":"Alvarez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.1999.21.8.794835","article-title":"Citicoline protects hippocampal neurons against apoptosis induced by brain beta-amyloid deposits plus cerebral hypoperfusion in rats","volume":"21","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1996.11740473","article-title":"Citicoline for treatment of experimental focal ischemia: histological and behavioral outcome","volume":"18","author":"Aronowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.92.3.0448","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of citicoline on brain edema and blood-brain breakdown after traumatic brain injury","volume":"92","author":"Ba\u015fkaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006468","article-title":"The use of cultured Schwann cells in nerve repair in a rabbit hind-limb model","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(97)80028-8","article-title":"Multicentric open label study of the efficacy and tolerability of citicoline in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction","volume":"58","author":"Bruhwyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.671","article-title":"A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"49","author":"Clark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.12.2592","article-title":"A randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"30","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.161","article-title":"Effects of CDP-choline treatment on neurobehavioral deficits after TBI and on hippocampal and neocortical acetylcholine release","volume":"14","author":"Dixon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1995.11740327","article-title":"Citicoline (CDP-choline): mechanisms of action and effects in ischemic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"D'Orlando","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb12682.x","article-title":"Effects of CDP choline and CDP ethanolamine on the alterations in rat brain lipid metabolism induced by global ischemia","volume":"40","author":"Dorman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00667-X","article-title":"Survival rate improvement in a rat ischemia model by long circulating liposomes containing cytidine-5\u2032-diphosphate choline","volume":"61","author":"Fresta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050254","article-title":"The effect of aprotinin on extraneural scarring in peripheral nerve surgery: an experimental study","volume":"140","author":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000093827.05319.E5","article-title":"The effect of low-dose extraneural scarring after peripheral nerve surgery in rats","volume":"53","author":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib21","first-page":"421","article-title":"Increase survival time in experimental model hypoxia by cytidine diphosphate choline","volume":"42","author":"Hamdorf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arzeimittelforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199202000-00009","article-title":"Walking track analysis: a long-term assessment of peripheral nerve recovery","volume":"89","author":"Hare","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/00207458009147587","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of CDP-choline on poststroke hemiplegia employing a double-blind controlled trial: assessed by a new rating scale for recovery in hemiplegia","volume":"11","author":"Hazama","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.10.006","article-title":"Neuroprotection afforded by prior citicoline administration in experimental brain ischemia: effects on glutamate transport","volume":"18","author":"Hurtado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1076\/apab.110.5.393.11832","article-title":"Free and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations in serum during pregnancy, after delivery and in newborns","volume":"110","author":"\u0130\u00e7\u00f6l","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.2.217","article-title":"Effects of CDP-choline on neurologic deficits and cerebral glucose metabolism in a rat model of cerebral ischemia","volume":"9","author":"Kakihana","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199612000-00023","article-title":"SFI, nerve conduction tests, muscle contraction, and axon morphometry as indicators of regeneration","volume":"98","author":"Kanaya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01072-0","article-title":"Enhancement of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipids by choline plus cytidine","volume":"822","author":"Knapp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00032-1","article-title":"CDP-choline reduces pro-caspase and cleaved caspase-3 expression, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and specific PARP-cleaved products of caspase activation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat","volume":"42","author":"Krupunski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropharmacolgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65020889.x","article-title":"Evidence that 5\u2032-cytidinediphosphocholine can affect brain phospholipids composition by increasing choline and cytidine plasma levels","volume":"65","author":"Lopez-Coviella","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199809020-00027","article-title":"Antibody to transforming growth factor beta reduces collagen production in injured peripheral nerve","volume":"102","author":"Nath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.8.1167","article-title":"Reduction of infarct volume and mortality by thrombolysis in a rat embolic stroke model","volume":"23","author":"Overgaard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.5.1060","article-title":"Synergistic effects of citicoline and MK-801 in temporary experimental focal ischemia in rats","volume":"28","author":"\u00d6nal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.10209","article-title":"Effects of hyaluronic acid on peripheral nerve scarring and regeneration in rats","volume":"23","author":"\u00d6zgenel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.2.0371","article-title":"Effects of human amniotic fluid on peripheral nerve scarring and regeneration in rats","volume":"98","author":"\u00d6zgenel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199605000-00025","article-title":"Reduction of extraneural scarring by ADCON-T\/N after surgical intervention","volume":"38","author":"Petersen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(00)00084-9","article-title":"Effect of CDP-choline on brain acetylcholine esterase and NA+\/K+-ATPase in adults rats","volume":"33","author":"Plataras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0752528.x","article-title":"Lipid alterations in transient forebrain ischemia: possible new mechanisms of CDP-choline neuroprotection","volume":"75","author":"Rao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.2.427","article-title":"Synergistic effects of a combination of low-dose basic fibroblast growth factor and citicoline after temporary experimentally focal ischemia","volume":"30","author":"Schabitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDP-choline: update and review of its pharmacology and clinical use","volume":"24","author":"Secades","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review","volume":"17","author":"Secades","year":"1995","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7314","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of citicoline in embolic ischemic stroke in rats: neuroprotective effects when used alone or in combination with urokinase","volume":"161","author":"Shuaib","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00912-0","article-title":"Combined nimodipine and citicoline reduce infarct size, attenuate apoptosis and increase BCL-2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"118","author":"Sobrado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550050071026","article-title":"Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging","volume":"53","author":"Spiers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.2.211","article-title":"treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor in a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Tazaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200011)48:5<713::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Effect of citicoline on ischemic lesions as measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Citicoline 010 Investigators","volume":"48","author":"Warach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00427-T","article-title":"Minireview. Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline","volume":"56","author":"Weiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci"}],"container-title":["Surgical Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090301907001115?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090301907001115?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T01:22:23Z","timestamp":1758763343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0090301907001115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0090301907001115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3019"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3019","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Citicoline improves functional recovery, promotes nerve regeneration, and reduces postoperative scarring after peripheral nerve surgery in rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Surgical Neurology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.12.054","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}