{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:29:46Z","timestamp":1782134986336,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surveyophthalmol.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]],"date-time":"2015-07-18T20:15:55Z","timestamp":1437250555000},"page":"65-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Systemic lupus erythematosus: An update for ophthalmologists"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Efrosini","family":"Papagiannuli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham R.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip I.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair K.","family":"Denniston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"The American College of Rheutology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes","volume":"42","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib2","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease, 1, Early clinical manifestations in a large cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases compared with cohorts of well established connective tissue disease","volume":"18","author":"Alarcon","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-168286","article-title":"Depletion of autoreactive immunologic memory followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with refractory SLE induces long-term remission through de novo generation of a juvenile and tolerant immune system","volume":"113","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008101028","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis","volume":"20","author":"Appel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","article-title":"Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2165\/11598550-000000000-00000","article-title":"Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"29","author":"Arnaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.48.5.358","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies: a risk factor for occlusive ocular vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and the \u2018primary\u2019 antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Asherson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198911000-00004","article-title":"The \u2018primary\u2019 antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features","volume":"68","author":"Asherson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.025528","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of IV cyclophosphamide versus IV methylprednisolone in severe neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"64","author":"Barile-Fabris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33493","volume":"64","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.070367","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for International Clinical Studies including therapeutics","volume":"67","author":"Bertsias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130476","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs","volume":"69","author":"Bertsias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201940","article-title":"Joint European League Against Rheumatism and European Renal Association\u2014European Dialysis and Transplant Assocaition (EULAR\/ERA-EDTA) recommendations for the management of adult and paediatric lupus nephritis","volume":"71","author":"Bertsias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib14","first-page":"313","article-title":"Five-year follow-up\u00a0of\u00a0665 Hungarian patients with undifferentiated connective\u00a0tissue disease","volume":"21","author":"Bodolay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350606","article-title":"Derivation of the SLEDAI. A disease activity index for lupus patients. The Committee on Prognosis Studies in SLE","volume":"25","author":"Bombardier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92292-N","article-title":"Controlled trial of pulse methylprednisolone versus two regiments of pulse cyclophosphamide in severe lupus nephritis","volume":"340","author":"Boumpas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib17","first-page":"725249","article-title":"Osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: an early, frequent and not always symptomatic complication","volume":"2012","author":"Caramaschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04348.x","article-title":"Migraineurs show a high prevalence of anti-phospholipid antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Cavestro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2013.02.001","article-title":"Pathology, classification and pathogenesis of lupus glomerulonephritis","volume":"19","author":"Cimbaluk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Histopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202844","article-title":"Prospective observational single-centre cohort study to assess the effectiveness of treating lupus nephritis with rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil but no oral steroids","volume":"72","author":"Condon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035241","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome","volume":"349","author":"Crowther","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.603069","article-title":"Plasma exchange and rituximab in the management of acute occlusive retinal vasculopathy secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"19","author":"Damato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib23","series-title":"Retina, Expert Consult, Chapter 80, Rheumatic Disease","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Denniston","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.10.009","article-title":"Efficacy of rituximab in 164 patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis: pooled data from European cohorts","volume":"11","author":"Diaz-Lagares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-11-25","article-title":"Retinal vasculitis in two pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report","volume":"11","author":"Donnithorpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370516","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/370516","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2012","author":"Draborg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31820f81b8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"45","author":"Ebert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37795","article-title":"Epidemiology and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and\u00a0lupus nephritis among US adults with Medicaid cover,\u00a02000-2004","volume":"65","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01340.x","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional anti-thrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS)","volume":"3","author":"Finazzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e318275a597","article-title":"Bilateral sequential trochleitis as the pesenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"33","author":"Fonseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24068","article-title":"Steroid-sparing effects of methotrexate in systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Fortin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311403344","article-title":"Optic neuropathy as a presenting feature of systemic lupus erythematosus: two case reports and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Frigui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38260","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of abatacept in lupus nephritis: a twelve-month, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"66","author":"Furie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30613","article-title":"A\u00a0phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of belimumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits B lymphocyte stimulator, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"63","author":"Furie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.01.009","article-title":"How to manage patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who are also antiphospholipid antibody positive","volume":"23","author":"Giles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121368","article-title":"Disease Control and safety of belimumab plus standard therapy over 7 years in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"41","author":"Ginzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3738","article-title":"Atacicept in combination with MMF and corticosteroids in lupus nephritis: results of a prematurely terminated trial","volume":"14","author":"Ginzler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25052","article-title":"Nonrenal disease activity following mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide as induction treatment for lupus nephritis: findings in a multi-center, prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Ginzler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390303","article-title":"The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"Gladman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib40","first-page":"214","article-title":"Resistant orbital pseudotumor treated with rituximab in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A case presentation","volume":"6","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reumatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.083022","article-title":"EULAR points to consider for conducting clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"68","author":"Gordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket300","article-title":"The substantial burden of systemic lupus erythematosus on the productivity and careers of patients: a European patient driven online survey","volume":"52","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep396","article-title":"The BILAG multi-centre open randomized controlled trial comparing ciclosporin vs azathioprine in patients with severe SLE","volume":"49","author":"Griffiths","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.04.003","article-title":"Lupus arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Grossman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.340","article-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus of the periorbita: clinical dilemmas, diagnostic delays","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21664","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis","volume":"64","author":"Hahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4429","article-title":"Systemic review and meta-analysis of the sero-epidemiological association between Epstein Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Hanlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Athritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib48","first-page":"447","article-title":"The BILAG index: a reliable and valid instrument for measuring clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"86","author":"Hay","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q\u00a0J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22665","article-title":"Clinical criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus precede diagnosis, and associated autoantibodies are present before clinical symptoms","volume":"56","author":"Heinlen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.603879","article-title":"Lupus relapse presenting as frosted branch retinal angiitis: case report","volume":"19","author":"Hernandez-Da Mota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309347332","article-title":"Bilateral retinal vasculitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and its remission with rituximab therapy","volume":"19","author":"Hickman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","article-title":"Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Hochberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707865","article-title":"Association of systemic lupus erythematosus with C8orf13-BLK and ITGAM-ITGAX","volume":"358","author":"Hom","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10461","article-title":"Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro Lupus Trial, a randomised trial of low-dose vs. high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide","volume":"46","author":"Houssiau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.102533","article-title":"The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide","volume":"69","author":"Houssiau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.928.81","article-title":"Migraine, memory loss and \u201cmultiple sclerosis\u201d. Neurological features of the antiphospholipid (Hughes') syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909307106","article-title":"Mapping of multiple susceptibility variants within the MHC region for 7 immune-mediated diseases","volume":"106","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket322","article-title":"Identification of clinical predictors of flare in systemic lupus erythematosus: a 24 month prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Ines","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep346","article-title":"Influence of race\/ethnicity on response to lupus nephritis treatment: the ALMS study","volume":"49","author":"Isenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib60","first-page":"11","article-title":"Quality of life as measured by the short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire in patients with early systemic sclerosis and undifferentiated connective tissue disease","volume":"25","author":"Iudici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heal Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.064311","article-title":"Cardiac pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307078579","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine sulphate treatment is associated with later onset of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"James","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181e93d00","article-title":"Efficacy and adverse events in mycophenolate versus cyclophosphamide for induction therapy of lupus nephritis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Kamanamool","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2010.05.001","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Kamen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.25","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for glomerulonephritis. Chapter 12: lupus nephritis","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2012.09037.x","article-title":"Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Keeling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12348-010-0017-3","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus retinitis in a seronegative patient with systemic lupus erythematosus on immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"1","author":"Kelkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.650776","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy, corticosteroids and uveitis","volume":"20","author":"Khairallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34502","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine reduces disease activity by blocking mammalian target of rapamycin in T-cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10541","article-title":"An open study of B lymphocyte depletion in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"46","author":"Leandro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04057.x","article-title":"Interferon signature gene expression is correlated with autoantibody profiles in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38239","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus, 2002-2004. The Georgia Lupus Registry","volume":"66","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1326","article-title":"The impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on employment loss from a population-based study","volume":"71","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203041","article-title":"TLR9 independent interferon production by neutrophils on NETosis in response to circulating chromatin, a key lupus antigen","volume":"73","author":"Lindau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R36","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3268","article-title":"Treatment of active lupus nephritis with the novel immunosuppressant 15-deoxyspergualin","volume":"13","author":"Lorenz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24341","article-title":"A\u00a0retrospective seven-year analysis of B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus at University College London Hospital: the first fifty patients","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep120","article-title":"Mycophenolate is as efficacious as, but safer than, cyclophosphamide in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"48","author":"Mak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.11.002","article-title":"Global trend of survival and damage of systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from the 1950s to 2000s","volume":"41","author":"Mak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.10.020","article-title":"Efficient and effective screening for hydroxychloroquine toxicity","volume":"155","author":"Marmor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.11.017","article-title":"Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"118","author":"Marmor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.12.002","article-title":"Disparity between visual fields and optical coherence tomography in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy","volume":"121","author":"Marmor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34632","article-title":"Safety and pharmacodynamics of rontalizumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a phase 1, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalation study","volume":"64","author":"McBride","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"199","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra75","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2001868","article-title":"Signaling by the matrix proteoglycan decorin controls inflammation and cancer through PDCD4 and microRNA-21","volume":"4","author":"Merline","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27601","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of abatacept in patients with non-life-threatening manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a twelve-month, multicenter, exploratory, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"62","author":"Merrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27233","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II\/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial","volume":"62","author":"Merrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1753-2","article-title":"Comparison of different screening methods for chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: multifocal electroretinography, color vision, perimetry, ophthalmoscopy, and fluorescein angiography","volume":"250","author":"Missner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4244","article-title":"Progression of hydroxychloroquine toxic effects after drug therapy cessation: new evidence from multimodal imaging","volume":"131","author":"Mititelu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","article-title":"International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)","volume":"4","author":"Miyakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740701607042","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for non-renal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Mok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 78","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib90","first-page":"S75","article-title":"What happens after complete withdrawal of therapy in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"31","author":"Moroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2014.6","article-title":"MHC associations with clinical and autoantibody manifestations in European SLE","volume":"15","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"4Suppl 73","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib92","first-page":"S112","article-title":"Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: where are we today?","volume":"30","author":"Mosca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib93","first-page":"615","article-title":"Undifferentiated connective diseases (UCTD): a review of the literature and a proposed preliminary classification criteria","volume":"17","author":"Mosca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.117200","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for monitoring systemic lupus erythematosus patients in clinical practice and in observational studies","volume":"69","author":"Mosca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.09.013","article-title":"Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (UCTD): simplified systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Mosca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib96","first-page":"86","article-title":"Disease activity and clinical features in recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: gender differences","volume":"22","author":"Munoz-Grajales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket160","article-title":"Effect of gender on clinical presentation in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"52","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38037","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative lupus nephritis: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study","volume":"65","author":"Mysler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2010.73","article-title":"Evaluation of the TREX1 gene in a large multi-ancestral lupus cohort","volume":"12","author":"Namjou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61354-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"377","author":"Navarra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364408","article-title":"High serum IFN-alpha activity is a heritable factor for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Neiwold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2012.01.009","article-title":"Mixed connective tissue disease: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Ortega-Hernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib103","first-page":"290898","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the literature","volume":"2012","author":"Palejwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22035","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nonbiologic immunosuppressants in the treatment of non-renal systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Pego-Reigosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib105","first-page":"679","article-title":"Reduced sense of olfaction and clinical significance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Peres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51420J","article-title":"Multiplexing of miniaturized planar antibody arrays for serum protein profiling- a biomarker discovery in SLE nephritis","volume":"14","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27371","article-title":"High-dose cyclophosphamide versus monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"62","author":"Petri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34473","article-title":"Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"64","author":"Petri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37824","article-title":"Sifalimumab, a human\u00a0anti-interferon-\u03b1 monoclonal antibody, in systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I randomized, controlled, dose-escalation study","volume":"65","author":"Petri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00164","article-title":"Breaking immunological tolerance in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"Pieterse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib111","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil in systemic lupus erythematosus: efficacy and tolerability in 86 patients","volume":"32","author":"Pisoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib112","first-page":"203435","article-title":"Genes associated with SLE are targets of recent positive selection","volume":"2014","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309106174","article-title":"Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus; a systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases","volume":"18","author":"Ramos-Casala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00281","article-title":"Aberrant type 1 interferon regulation in autoimmunity: opposite directions in MS and SLE shaped by evolution and body ecology","volume":"4","author":"Reder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30318-8","article-title":"Ocular effects of topical and systemic steroids","volume":"10","author":"Renfro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib116","first-page":"S37","volume":"63","author":"Romero-Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-473744","article-title":"Trogocytosis of multiple B-cell surface markers by CD22 targeting with epratuzumab","volume":"122","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34359","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: the Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab study","volume":"64","author":"Rovin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23109","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101766","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib121","first-page":"961872","article-title":"Hematological maifestations of SLE and initial presentation: is it underestimated?","volume":"2012","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Hematolol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib122","first-page":"265","article-title":"Causes of mortality in lupus patients followed prospectively at a large multi-centre lupus clinic","volume":"10","author":"Sheane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1828","article-title":"Negative regulation of TLR4 via targeting of the proinflammatory tumor suppressor PDCD4 by the microRNA miR-21","volume":"11","author":"Sheedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.610023","article-title":"The spectrum of ocular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus in a tertiary eye care center in Nepal","volume":"19","author":"Sitaula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem173","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"46","author":"Sivaraj","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314528061","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules as potential biomarkers of nephritis, damage and accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with SLE","volume":"23","author":"Skeoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38238","article-title":"Population-based incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus. The Michingan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance Program","volume":"66","author":"Somers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.139857","article-title":"Identification of novel microRNA signatures linked to human lupus disease activity and pathogenesis: miR-21 regulates aberrant T cell responses through regulation of PDCD4 expression","volume":"70","author":"Stagakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg069","article-title":"Prevalence, patterns of disease and outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who develop severe haematological problems","volume":"42","author":"Sultan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38091","article-title":"Phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple intravenous, dose ascending study of sirukumab in cutaneous or systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Szepietowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.08.003","article-title":"Altered Th17 cells and Th17\/regulatory T-cell ratios indicate the subsequent conversion from undifferentiated commective tissue disease to definitive systemic autoimmune disorders","volume":"74","author":"Szodoray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203304lu1067sr","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of leflunomide in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"13","author":"Tam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111061","article-title":"Differences between male and female systemic lupous erythematosus in a multiethnic population","volume":"39","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27541","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French Autoimmunity and Rituximab registry","volume":"62","author":"Terrier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i24.2971","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: insight into pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib136","first-page":"834291","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2012","author":"Uva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1175-2","article-title":"Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: a seven-center cross-sectional study of 184 patients","volume":"28","author":"Vaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.33","article-title":"The BAFF\/APRIL system in SLE pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Vincent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket129","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in patients with moderate\/severe flaring systemic lupus erythematosus: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre studies (ALLEVIATE) and follow-up","volume":"52","author":"Wallace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202760","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in patients with moderate\/severe active systemic lupus erythematosus: results from EMBLEM, a phase IIb, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"73","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2006.09.001","article-title":"Autoantibody profiling to identify individuals at risk for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Wandstrat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autoimmun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4520","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in active and refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicentre clinical study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib143","first-page":"816","article-title":"Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease (CTD) VI: an inception cohort after 10 years: disease remissions and changes in diagnosis in well established and undifferentiated connective tissue disease","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20133","article-title":"Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.99","article-title":"The biomechanical properties of the cornea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Yazici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq026","article-title":"Numerical scoring for the BILAG-2004 index","volume":"49","author":"Yee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep064","article-title":"The BILAG-2004 index is sensitive to change for assessment of SLE disease activity","volume":"48","author":"Yee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303265","article-title":"Risk of retinal vein occlusion in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based cohort study","volume":"97","author":"Yen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib149","first-page":"39","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib150","first-page":"0002","article-title":"Global incidence and prevalence of\u00a0systemic lupus erythematosus from 1990n to 2010: a\u00a0systematic review","volume":"173","author":"Senga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib151","first-page":"0004","article-title":"Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in England, 1998-2010","volume":"64","author":"Caspard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib152","first-page":"0004","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus vary based on age of onset","volume":"64","author":"Simmons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib153","first-page":"S289","article-title":"Differences in the SLE clinical phenotype by age of diagnosis","volume":"64","author":"Powell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib154","first-page":"S457","article-title":"Prevalence of systemic\u00a0lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis in the United States: analysis of commercial and public insurance\u00a0billing data","volume":"65","author":"Gandhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib155","first-page":"S261","article-title":"Characteristics of lupus nephritis: data from a large multicentre registry of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"65","author":"Kamen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib156","first-page":"S330","article-title":"Serious infection rates among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving corticosteroids and immune-suppressants","volume":"65","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib157","unstructured":"The Royal College of Ophthalmologists Hydroxychloroquine and Ocular Toxicity Recommendations and Screening 2009. www.rcophth.ac.uk\/clinicalguidelines. Accessed January, 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70086-1","article-title":"Research in\u00a0dry eye: report of the Research Subcommittee of the\u00a0International dry eye workshop","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"}],"container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625715001101?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625715001101?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:42:18Z","timestamp":1758541338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039625715001101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0039625715001101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-6257","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: An update for ophthalmologists","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Survey of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.06.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}