{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:30:05Z","timestamp":1784759405843,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surveyophthalmol.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T21:15:13Z","timestamp":1453497313000},"page":"434-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of tear gases on the eye"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Yonwook J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek R.","family":"Payal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200322020-00005","article-title":"Tear gases and irritant incapacitants. 1-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile and dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine","volume":"22","author":"Blain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.15.1.56","article-title":"CS gas exposure in a crowded night club: the consequences for an accident and emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Breakell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Accid Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(00)90120-7","article-title":"Corneal abrasions associated with pepper spray exposure","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2283","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2283","article-title":"Management of the effects of exposure to tear gas","volume":"338","author":"Carron","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10702J","article-title":"Death resulting from lacrimatory agents","volume":"23","author":"Chapman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib6","first-page":"5","article-title":"Oleoresin capsicum","volume":"63","author":"Clede","year":"1993","journal-title":"L\u00a0Order"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01397a037","article-title":"Reactions of alpha, beta-unsaturated dinitriles","volume":"50","author":"Corson","year":"1928","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Chem Soc"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-006-9025-6","article-title":"Capsicum spray injury of the eye","volume":"26","author":"Das","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120201397","article-title":"Exposure to the riot control agent CS and potential health effects: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"12","author":"Dimitroglou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Heal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00732-1","article-title":"Pepper spray in the eye","volume":"108","author":"Epstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib11","first-page":"295","article-title":"Tear gas\u2013its toxicology and suggestions for management of its acute effects in man","volume":"76","author":"Folb","year":"1989","journal-title":"S\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib12","first-page":"1968","article-title":"Effects of capsaicin on corneal wound healing","volume":"31","author":"Gallar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1972.10666123","article-title":"Lacrimating agents (CS and CN) in rats and rabbits. Acute effects on mouth, eyes, and skin","volume":"24","author":"Gaskins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318206cad9","article-title":"Conjunctival proliferation after a mild pepper spray injury in a young child","volume":"30","author":"Gerber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"7009","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7009.871","article-title":"Treating CS gas injuries to the eye. Exposure at close range is particularly dangerous","volume":"311","author":"Gray","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7252","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7252.46","article-title":"Is CS spray dangerous. Formulation affects toxicity","volume":"321","author":"Gray","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1355-0306(97)72136-1","article-title":"Chemical and elemental comparison of two formulations of oleoresin capsicum","volume":"37","author":"Haas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200007000-00004","article-title":"Medical hazards of the tear gas CS. A case of persistent, multisystem, hypersensitivity reaction and review of the literature","volume":"79","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.51.4.265","article-title":"Eye burns caused by tear gas","volume":"51","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(02)00015-7","article-title":"Toxic carriers in pepper sprays may cause corneal erosion","volume":"186","author":"Holopainen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.01.031","article-title":"Secondary contamination of emergency department personnel from o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile exposure, 2002","volume":"45","author":"Horton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib22","first-page":"18","article-title":"Evaluation of CS (o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) concentrations during U.S. Army mask confidence training","volume":"74","author":"Hout","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Environ Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00514","article-title":"O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS riot control agent) associated acute respiratory illnesses in a U.S. Army Basic Combat Training cohort","volume":"179","author":"Hout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib24","first-page":"14","article-title":"O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS riot control agent) exposure in a U.S. Army basic combat training cohort","volume":"77","author":"Hout","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430050076030","article-title":"Tear gas\u2013harassing agent or toxic chemical weapon?","volume":"262","author":"Hu","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2014.891063","article-title":"Pepper spray injury severity: ten-year case experience of a poison control system","volume":"18","author":"Kearney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.194","article-title":"Ocular exposure to CS gas: the importance of correct early management","volume":"11","author":"Kiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-857978","article-title":"[Pepper spray injuries of the anterior segment of the eye]","volume":"222","author":"Kniestedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib29","first-page":"548","article-title":"Personal defense sprays: effects and management of exposure","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Optom Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(68)93863-4","article-title":"Eye injury caused by tear-gas weapons","volume":"65","author":"Levine","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib31","first-page":"34","article-title":"Chemical Mace: ocular effects in rabbits and monkeys","volume":"14","author":"MacLeod","year":"1969","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1964.tb00917.x","article-title":"Eye injury from tear gas","volume":"42","author":"Midtbo","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1975.tb00410.x","article-title":"Eye injuries caused by tear-gas hand weapons","volume":"53","author":"Oksala","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.767","article-title":"Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry","volume":"21","author":"Olajos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.930156","article-title":"The decrease in aqueous tear production associated with pepper spray","volume":"40","author":"Rasier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/134.3.219","article-title":"The effects of the riot control agent CS on visual acuity","volume":"134","author":"Rengstorff","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib37","first-page":"448","article-title":"Mace, a dangerous police weapon","volume":"158","author":"Rose","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.27.020176.002225","article-title":"Medical aspects of riot control (harassing) agents","volume":"27","author":"Sanford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000165","article-title":"Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC-a medical review","volume":"161","author":"Schep","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Army Med Corps"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.07.028","article-title":"Corneal ulcer associated with pepper spray exposure during military training","volume":"43","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11002-1","article-title":"Capsaicin-induced corneal lesions in mice and the effects of chemical sympathectomy","volume":"243","author":"Shimizu","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib42","first-page":"595","article-title":"The use of chemical incapacitant sprays: a review","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199509000-00001","article-title":"Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and \u201cin-custody deaths.\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Steffee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib44","first-page":"374","article-title":"Chloracetophenone (Tear Gas) Poisoning: A Clinico-Pathologic Report","volume":"9","author":"Stein","year":"1964","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.2.136","article-title":"Acute pulmonary effects from o-chlorobenzylidenemalonitrile \u201ctear gas\u201d: a unique exposure outcome unmasked by strenuous exercise after a military training event","volume":"167","author":"Thomas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(48)91160-X","article-title":"Eye injuries from so-called noncasualty war gases; report of cases","volume":"31","author":"Uhde","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib47","first-page":"2138","article-title":"Effects of oleoresin capsicum pepper spray on human corneal morphology and sensitivity","volume":"41","author":"Vesaluoma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2005.01.002","article-title":"Prevention of CS \u201ctear gas\u201d eye and skin effects and active decontamination with Diphoterine: preliminary studies in 5 French Gendarmes","volume":"29","author":"Viala","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1368286","article-title":"Severe chemical burn to the eye after pepper spray attack","volume":"231","author":"Voegeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib50","first-page":"101","article-title":"The clinical use of chemical mace","volume":"67","author":"Weinberg","year":"1970","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Soc N J"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1998.38","article-title":"CS gas ocular injury","volume":"12","author":"Willoughby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"S51","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib52","article-title":"Determination of optimal methods of decontamination after tear gas and pepper spray exposure","volume":"48","author":"Winslow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7000","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.276","article-title":"CS gas injury to the eye","volume":"311","author":"Yih","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00463-2","article-title":"Clinical effects of oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray) on the human cornea and conjunctiva","volume":"107","author":"Zollman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib55","series-title":"Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons : report of a WHO group of consultants","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib56","series-title":"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (English-Language Version)","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib57","unstructured":"Isaacs S. Police recruits to move into force after pepper spray exercise. The Commonwealth Times. Published April 3, 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.commonwealthtimes.org\/2013\/04\/03\/police-recruits-to-move-into-force-after-pepper-spray-exercise\/. Accessed December 16,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib58","unstructured":"Kirby P. SPICING UP THE TRAINING: Police recruits learn to deal with pepper spray (video). Daily Freeman News. Published September 10, 2012. Available at: http:\/\/www.dailyfreeman.com\/article\/DF\/20120910\/NEWS\/309109990. Accessed December 16,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib59","unstructured":"Office of Court Management, Massachusetts Trial Court, Security Department. Massachusetts Trial Court Officer Academy - Frequently Asked Questions. Boston MA. Available at: http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/courts\/court-info\/trial-court\/exec-office\/ocm\/court-officer-training-academy-faqs.html#14. Accessed December 16,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib60","unstructured":"Weissmann J. Judge OK's Use of Pepper Spray in Police Training - The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times. Blog Leg Times. Published Mar 16 2009. Available at: http:\/\/legaltimes.typepad.com\/blt\/2009\/03\/judge-oks-use-of-pepper-spray-in-police-training-.html. Accessed December 16,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib61","unstructured":"Chapman, D (Staff Sgt.). MPs Fight Through Pepper Spray Training. www.Army.mil. Published Aug 8, 2011. Available\u00a0at:\u00a0http:\/\/www.army.mil\/article\/63160\/MPs_Fight_Through_Pepper_Spray_Training\/. Accessed December 16,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib62","unstructured":"McCullough, C (Staff Sgt.). Arrowhead MPs exhibit resolve during pepper spray training. www.Army.mil. Published Feb 26, 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.army.mil\/article\/120862\/Arrowhead_MPs_exhibit_resolve_during_pepper___\/. Accessed December 16,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib63","unstructured":"Callahan, M (Sgt.). Marines' pepper spray training brutal but necessary law enforcement exercise. Non-Lethal Weapons Program. US Department of Defense. Published Mar 12, 2015. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, Japan. Available at: http:\/\/jnlwp.defense.gov\/PressRoom\/InTheNews\/tabid\/4777\/Article\/580437\/marines-pepper-spray-training-brutal-but-necessary-law-enforcement-exercise.aspx. Accessed December 17,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib64","unstructured":"Doty, SR (Tech. Sgt.). Level One Oleoresin Capsicum Contamination. Air Education and Training Command. Published Mar 04, 2015. Available at: http:\/\/www.aetc.af.mil\/News\/ArticleDisplay\/tabid\/136\/Article\/578843\/level-one-oleoresin-capsicum-contamination.aspx. Accessed December 17,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib65","unstructured":"National Institute of Justice Technology Assessment Program. March 1994. Oleoresin Capsicum: pepper spray as a force alternative. Washington DC U.S. Dept of Justice. Available at: www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/181655.pdf. Accessed December 12,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002_bib66","unstructured":"U.S. Army. Treatment of chemical agent casualties and conventional military chemical injuries. U.S. Army FM 8\u2013285. Falls Church VA: HQDA (DASG-HCD). 1990. Available at: http:\/\/www.public.navy.mil\/surfor\/documents\/p_5041.pdf. Accessed December 12,\u00a02015."}],"container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625715300448?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625715300448?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:43:36Z","timestamp":1758541416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039625715300448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0039625715300448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-6257","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of tear gases on the eye","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Survey of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.01.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}