{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:07:14Z","timestamp":1786997234642,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surveyophthalmol.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T03:34:49Z","timestamp":1458185689000},"page":"664-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Orbital inflammation: Biopsy first"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Ilse","family":"Mombaerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey E.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Garrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0b013e31814510bb","article-title":"W(h)ither orbital pseudotumor?","volume":"18","author":"Agir","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706736","article-title":"How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005","volume":"148","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.01.033","article-title":"Extraocular muscle enlargement with tendon involvement in thyroid-associated orbitopathy","volume":"137","author":"Ben Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20060101-06","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of orbital mass lesions at the Jules Stein Eye Institute, 1999-2003","volume":"37","author":"Ben Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib5","first-page":"127","article-title":"Zur diagnostik und pathologie der orbital-tumoren","volume":"32","author":"Birch-Hirschfeld","year":"1905","journal-title":"Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204907","article-title":"The diagnostic utility of serum IgG4 concentrations in IgG4-related disease","volume":"74","author":"Carruthers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.05.023","article-title":"IgG4-positive plasma cells in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study on 43 granulomatosis with polyangiitis and 20 control cases","volume":"44","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.12.011","article-title":"Orbital and adnexal involvement in sarcoidosis: analysis of clinical features and systemic disease in 30 cases","volume":"151","author":"Demirci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303131","article-title":"High prevalence of IgG4-related lymphoplasmacytic infiltrative disorder in 25 patients with orbital inflammation: a retrospective case series","volume":"97","author":"Deschamps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200211000-00007","article-title":"Wegener's granulomatosis of the orbit: a clinicopathological study of 15 patients","volume":"112","author":"Fechner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib11","series-title":"Henderson's Orbital Tumors","author":"Garrity","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib12","first-page":"424852","article-title":"Orbital tumors excision without bony marginotomy under local and general anesthesia","volume":"2014","author":"Goldberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib13","first-page":"340","article-title":"Association between saddle nose deformity and retro-orbital mass in Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"35","author":"Gomes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31828dea74","article-title":"Orbital pseudotumor\u2013historical origin and modern relevance","volume":"29","author":"Grove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.12.028","article-title":"Enlargement of the infraorbital nerve: an important sign associated with orbital reactive lymphoid hyperplasia or immunoglobulin G4-related disease","volume":"121","author":"Hardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes382","article-title":"Orbital masses in granulomatosis with polyangiitis are associated with a refractory course and a high burden of local damage","volume":"52","author":"Holle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.9.1244","article-title":"Idiopathic sclerosing inflammation","volume":"124","author":"Hsuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib18","first-page":"684","article-title":"Histopathological features predictive of a clinical diagnosis of ophthalmic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)","volume":"5","author":"Isa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.9.1289","article-title":"Primary orbital peripheral T-cell lymphoma: histologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic features","volume":"125","author":"Janatpour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0266-4","article-title":"A\u00a0prevalence study of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease in Japan","volume":"57","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)32028-7","article-title":"Diagnostic value and limitations of orbital biopsy in Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"99","author":"Kalina","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.082156","article-title":"Ocular adnexal marginal zone B cell lymphoma infiltrated by IgG4-positive plasma cells","volume":"63","author":"Kubota","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33854-X","article-title":"Treatment protocol for orbital inflammatory disease","volume":"92","author":"Leone","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1076\/orbi.18.3.157.2702","article-title":"What has become of our idiopathic inflammatory pseudo-tumors of the orbit?","volume":"18","author":"Maalouf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30300-5","article-title":"Outcome of orbital myositis. Clinical features associated with recurrence","volume":"104","author":"Mannor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.07.019","article-title":"Diverse clinical presentations of orbital sarcoid","volume":"144","author":"Mavrikakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000183","article-title":"The many facets of dacryoadenitis","volume":"26","author":"Mombaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.010","article-title":"Surgical debulking for idiopathic dacryoadenitis: a diagnosis and a cure","volume":"121","author":"Mombaerts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30301-7","article-title":"Current status in the treatment of orbital myositis","volume":"104","author":"Mombaerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.08.018","article-title":"Clinically recognizing enlarged extraocular muscles from lymphoid origin","volume":"122","author":"Mombaerts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30663-5","article-title":"Are systemic corticosteroids useful in the management of orbital pseudotumors?","volume":"103","author":"Mombaerts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000227820.36036.f1","article-title":"Orbital cellulitis in children","volume":"25","author":"Nageswaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib33","first-page":"7798","article-title":"Corticosteroid pre-treated primary CNS lymphoma: a detailed analysis of stereotactic biopsy findings and consideration of interobserver variability","volume":"8","author":"\u00d6nder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.12.003","article-title":"Wegener's granulomatosis: ophthalmic manifestations and management","volume":"35","author":"Pakrou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830490916064","article-title":"A\u00a0rapidly fatal case of T-cell lymphoma presenting as idiopathic orbital inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Papalkar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.06.014","article-title":"Lymphocytic infiltration and enlargement of the lacrimal glands: a new subtype of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome?","volume":"112","author":"Parkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830802656869","article-title":"Malignant lymphoproliferative disorders extending into the orbit from the paranasal sinuses","volume":"28","author":"Peleg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.16","article-title":"Orbital inflammation with IgG4-positive plasma cells: manifestation of IgG4 systemic disease","volume":"129","author":"Plaza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.12.1657","article-title":"Orbital and adnexal sarcoidosis","volume":"125","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.4.8610576","article-title":"Orbital involvement by Wegener's granulomatosis: imaging findings","volume":"166","author":"Provenzale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2013.771676","article-title":"The frequency of granulomatous lacrimal gland inflammation as a cause of lacrimal gland enlargement in patients without a diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis","volume":"32","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.08.008","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: methodological aspects and clinical significance in systemic vasculitis","volume":"12","author":"Radice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib43","series-title":"Diseases of the Orbit","author":"Rootman","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31298-X","article-title":"Idiopathic sclerosing inflammation of the orbit. A distinct clinicopathologic entity","volume":"101","author":"Rootman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.12.1711","article-title":"A\u00a0personal view: probability in medicine, levels of (un)certainty, and the diagnosis of orbital disease (with particular reference to orbital \u201cpseudotumor\u201d)","volume":"125","author":"Rose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.07.002","article-title":"Orbital pseudotumor can be a localized form of granulomatosis with polyangiitis as revealed by gene expression profiling","volume":"99","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/01.IOP.0000159173.42243.AD","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative disease of the ocular adnexa: a clinical and pathologic study with statistical analysis of 69 patients","volume":"21","author":"Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.124156","article-title":"Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome: clinical features and treatment outcomes","volume":"91","author":"Swamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0448","article-title":"Elevated serum immunoglobulin G4 levels in patients with Graves' disease and their clinical implications","volume":"24","author":"Takeshima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.12.003","article-title":"Clinical and imaging features predictive of orbital granulomatosis with polyangiitis and the risk of systemic involvement","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.018","article-title":"Bilateral lacrimal gland disease: clinical features of 97 cases","volume":"121","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2014.902478","article-title":"Series of extranodal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with periorbital involvement","volume":"33","author":"Termote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3865","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G4-related disease of the orbit: imaging features in 27 patients","volume":"35","author":"Tiegs-Heiden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000510","article-title":"Idiopathic orbital myositis","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2013.842252","article-title":"Raised numbers of IgG4-positive plasma cells are a common histopathological finding in orbital xanthogranulomatous disease","volume":"33","author":"Verdijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39205","article-title":"IgG4-related disease: clinical and laboratory features in 125 patients","volume":"67","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31822e5c1b","article-title":"Ocular adnexal lymphoma of the extraocular muscles: case series from the University of Iowa and review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Watkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109847","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109847","article-title":"IgG4 immunostaining and its implications in orbital inflammatory disease","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00655-8","article-title":"Australasian orbital and adnexal Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"108","author":"Woo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625715300461?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625715300461?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:43:53Z","timestamp":1758541433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039625715300461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0039625715300461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-6257","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Orbital inflammation: Biopsy first","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Survey of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}