{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T18:42:00Z","timestamp":1759776120181,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","surveyophthalmol.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T21:14:27Z","timestamp":1599686067000},"page":"531-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enough Sight to Fight? The history of military visual system requirements"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Hertle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"year":"1940","series-title":"1914-1918 TWFOHftAAMSitWoo","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib2","series-title":"Doctors in Blue","first-page":"11","author":"Adams","year":"1941"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib3","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual Meeting of the AMSUS, Held at Philadelphia, PA, May 12, 13, and 14, 1896","first-page":"239","article-title":"What standard of visual acuity should be required of the enlisted men of our military services?","author":"Banister","year":"1896"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib4","first-page":"37","article-title":"George E. de Schweinitz, M.D., and the de Schweinitz lecture in ophthalmology at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 1938-1985","volume":"8","author":"Barnshaw","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans Stud Coll Physicians Phila"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib5","series-title":"A\u00a0Manual of Instructions for Enlisting and Discharging Soldiers","first-page":"276","author":"Bartholow","year":"1863"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib6","series-title":"A\u00a0Manual of Instructions for Enlisting and Discharging Soldier, with Special Reference to The Medical Examination of Recruits, and the Detection of Disqualifying and Feigned Diseases","article-title":"A\u00a0manual of instructions for enlisting and discharging soldier, with special reference to the medical examination of recruits, and the detection of disqualifying and feigned diseases","author":"Bartholow","year":"1864"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib7","series-title":"A\u00a0Manual of Instructions for Enlisting and Discharging Soldiers: With Special Reference to the Medical Examination of Recruits, and the Detection of Disqualifying and Feigned Diseases","first-page":"276","author":"Bartholow","year":"1864"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib8","series-title":"A\u00a0Manual of Instructions for Enlisting and Discharging Soldiers","first-page":"276","author":"Bartholow","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.06.009","article-title":"An ancient eye test - using the stars","volume":"53","author":"Bohigan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib10","series-title":"Principles of War","first-page":"82","author":"Clausewitz","year":"1942"},{"unstructured":"Clebsch W. 1951. The Reverend Doctor William Holland Wilmer (1782-1827): His life work and thought Virginia Theological Seminary, Alexandria, 8\u20139.","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib11"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/13882350802632401","article-title":"The historical evolution of visual acuity measurement","volume":"10","author":"Colenbrander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Impairment Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib13","first-page":"499","article-title":"Defects of the eye in recruits","volume":"20","author":"Conzelmann","year":"1907","journal-title":"Mil Surgeon"},{"year":"2007","author":"Coogan","series-title":"The New Oxford Annotated Bible","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib14"},{"year":"1808","author":"Cutbush","series-title":"Observations on the Means of Preserving the Health of Soldiers and Sailors, and on the Duties of the Medical Department of the Army and Navy: With Remarks on Hospitals and Their Internal Arrangement","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib15"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib16","series-title":"The Blue, the Gray, and the Green: Toward an Environmental History of the Civil War","first-page":"250","author":"Drake","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4593.83","article-title":"Pulheems, a new system of medical classification","volume":"15","author":"Fletcher","year":"1949","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib18","series-title":"History of Military Mobilization in the United States Army, 1775-1945","first-page":"55","author":"Friedberg","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib19","first-page":"99","article-title":"Machiavelli's \u201cThe Prince\u201d: A neglected rhetorical classic","volume":"13","author":"Garver","year":"1980","journal-title":"Philos Rhetoric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02629686","article-title":"Ophthalmic injuries and civil war medicine","volume":"94","author":"Hertle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib21","first-page":"235","article-title":"PULHES, the physical profile serial system","volume":"2","author":"Jacobs","year":"1953","journal-title":"U\u00a0S Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib22","series-title":"Warlord Soldiers: Chinese Common Soldiers, 1911-1937","first-page":"ix","author":"Lary","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A5","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/155.11.A5","article-title":"The measurement of visual efficiency standards for pilots in the United States Air Force","volume":"155","author":"Lyons","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00039","article-title":"Origins of the physical profile","volume":"8","author":"Marble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib25","series-title":"On the Enlisting Discharging and Pensioning of Soldiers with the Official Documents on These Branches of Military Duty, with the Regulations for the Recruiting Service in the Army and Navy of The United States, and a Preface","first-page":"210","author":"Marshall","year":"1840"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib26","first-page":"299","article-title":"Surgeons reconsidered: Military medical men of the American revolution","volume":"27","author":"Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Bull Med Hist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00260","article-title":"Refractive surgery policy and its effect on visual acuity qualification rates for the 2004 and 2011 Army ROTC flight applicant pools","volume":"179","author":"McClellan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"year":"1957","series-title":"Surgery in World War II","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib28"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib29","first-page":"319","article-title":"Medieval European medicine and Asian spices","volume":"23","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Uisahak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib30","series-title":"Textbooks of Military Medicine: Recruit Medicine","first-page":"45","article-title":"The enlisted accession medical process","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2006"},{"unstructured":"Grzybowski A, Kaza\u0142o T, Paluch M, Rekas M. Theodor Karol Ballaban (1866-1946)--an ophthalmologist and a brigadier general of the Polish Army. Klin Oczna. 2013;115(3):253\u2013258.","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib31"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib32","series-title":"Manual of Instructions for Military Surgeons, on the Examination of Recruits and Discharge of Soldiers","first-page":"238","author":"Ordronaux","year":"1863"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32832a6f5a","article-title":"Refractive surgery in the United States Air Force","volume":"20","author":"Panday","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.12.003","article-title":"How did dermatology develop in the United States?","volume":"29","author":"Parish","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib35","series-title":"Edward Cutbush, M. D. the Nester of the Medical Corps of the Navy","first-page":"337","volume":"1","author":"Pleadwell","year":"1923"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XVI.2.103","article-title":"Naval medicine in the early days of the republic","volume":"16","author":"Roddis","year":"1961","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hist Med Allied Sci"},{"year":"1984","author":"Schadewaldt","series-title":"The Ship's Doctor Yesterday and Today","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib37"},{"unstructured":"Shippen J. Joseph Shippen Papers, 1727-1783. p. 103. ID No. MSS39859 Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. https:\/\/hdl.loc.gov\/loc.mss\/eadmss.ms010137LC Catalog record: https:\/\/lccn.loc.gov\/mm80039859.","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib38"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib39","first-page":"17","article-title":"The visual requirements of military aviators","volume":"3","author":"Small","year":"1917","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib40","first-page":"123","article-title":"Medical inspection of recruits","author":"Smith","year":"1862","journal-title":"Am Med Times V"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300040151","article-title":"Kentucky civil war recruits: A medical profile","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med Hist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib42","series-title":"The army programme for 1941. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War the Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific, Volume I","first-page":"89","author":"Stacey","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.01.046","article-title":"Laser in situ keratomileusis in United States Naval aviators","volume":"39","author":"Tanzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib44","series-title":"Aeschylus and War: Comparative Perspectives on Seven Against Thebes","first-page":"226","author":"Torrance","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib45","series-title":"The Military Institutions of the Romans","first-page":"114","author":"Vegetius Renatus","year":"1944"},{"year":"1923","series-title":"War Department General Orders No. 124, 20 August 1898","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib46"},{"year":"2011","first-page":"64","series-title":"The Age of Knights and Castles","key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib47"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/10402659.2014.937987","article-title":"Augustine on war and peace","volume":"26","author":"Zwitter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peace Rev"}],"container-title":["Survey of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625720301296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0039625720301296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:51:41Z","timestamp":1758541901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0039625720301296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0039625720301296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6257"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0039-6257"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enough Sight to Fight? The history of military visual system requirements","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Survey of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}