{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:46:34Z","timestamp":1776077194827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T20:37:22Z","timestamp":1595104642000},"page":"542-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Historical and Ethical Perspectives on Vulvoplasty"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Chubak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib1","series-title":"Plastic Surgeries Trends on the Rise","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib2","series-title":"MBS reviews: vulvoplasty","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353508095529","article-title":"Female genital cosmetic surgery: freakish or inevitable? Analysis from medical marketing, bioethics, and feminist theory","volume":"18","author":"Tiefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fem Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-016-0930-y","article-title":"Female cosmetic genital surgery: delivering what women want","volume":"67","author":"Magnon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib6","author":"Schnatz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib8","unstructured":"Earp BD. Is labiaplasty genital mutilation? Cultural imperialism at the WHO [Video]. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=p9lTtsP7FM4. Accessed July 15, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib9","author":"Zhu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12129","article-title":"The concept of intersectionality in feminist theory","volume":"9","author":"Carastathis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib11","series-title":"Sex museums: the politics and performance of display","first-page":"68","author":"Tyburczy","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib12","first-page":"259","article-title":"\u201cFaites sur le cadaver d\u2019une femme connue \u00e0 Paris et \u00e0 Londres sous le nom de V\u00e9nus Hottentotte","volume":"3","author":"Cuvier","year":"1817","journal-title":"Memoires du Muse\u00e9 nationale d\u2019histoire naturelle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib13","author":"Peron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib14","first-page":"183","article-title":"Sure une femme de la race hottentote","author":"de Blaineville","year":"1816","journal-title":"Bulletin du Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomatique de Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib15","series-title":"Deviant bodies: critical perspectives on difference in science and popular culture","first-page":"19","article-title":"Gender, race, and nation: the comparative anatomy of \u201cHottentot\u201d women in Europe, 1815-1817","author":"Fausto-Sterling","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib17","series-title":"Making sex: body and gender from the Greeks to Freud","author":"Laqueur","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib18","series-title":"The one-sex body on trial: the classical and early modern evidence. The history of medicine in context","author":"King","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib19","series-title":"The vagina: a literary and cultural history","author":"Rees","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib20","series-title":"Secrets of women: gender, generation, and the origins of human dissection","author":"Park","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib21","series-title":"Fixing sex: intersex, medical authority, and lived experience","first-page":"311","author":"Karkazis","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib22","series-title":"Trait\u00e9 des Maladies des Femmes Grosses et de Celles qui sont Accouch\u00e9es [French]","author":"Mauriceau","year":"1681"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib23","author":"Fissell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib24","series-title":"Aristotle\u2019s master-piece, or, the secrets of generation displayed in all the parts thereof\u2026very necessary for all midwives, nurses, and young-married women","year":"1694"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib25","first-page":"78s","article-title":"Hypertrophy of the labia minora","volume":"48","author":"Radman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(88)90083-0","article-title":"Hypertrophy of the labia minora in myelodysplastic women: labioplasty to ease clean intermittent catheterization","volume":"31","author":"Kato","year":"1988","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198409000-00015","article-title":"Aesthetic vaginal labioplasty","volume":"74","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib28","series-title":"Elongation of the Labia Minora: insights on its implications for women\u2019s health. A study with Zambian migrants in Cape Town, South Africa","first-page":"27","author":"Mart\u00ednez P\u00e9rez","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib29","first-page":"42","article-title":"Elongation of the labia minora and use of vaginal products to enhance eroticism: can these be considered female genital mutilation?","volume":"3","author":"Bagnol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Finnish J Ethn Migration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib30","series-title":"Genital autonomy","first-page":"83","article-title":"Stretching of the labia minora and other expansive interventions of female genitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)","author":"Grassivaro Gallo","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib31","series-title":"Principles of biomedical ethics","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib32","series-title":"Relational autonomy: feminist perspectives on autonomy, agency, and the social self","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib33","series-title":"Eliminating female genital mutilation: an inter-agency statement","author":"OHCHR","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/23269995.2013.811923","article-title":"The goose and the gander: the genital wars","volume":"3","author":"Shweder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Discourse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01509.x","article-title":"Expectations and experience of labial reduction: a qualitative study","volume":"114","author":"Bramwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjw061","article-title":"Evaluation of body image and sexual satisfaction in women undergoing female genital plastic\/cosmetic surgery","volume":"36","author":"Goodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03088.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of well-women seeking labial reduction surgery: a prospective study","volume":"118","author":"Crouch","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x","article-title":"Female genital appearance: \u2018normality\u2019 unfolds","volume":"112","author":"Lloyd","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-4667.2012.00121.x","article-title":"Female genital cosmetic surgery: how can clinicians act in women\u2019s best interests?","volume":"14","author":"Michala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2297-2","article-title":"Psychosexual outcome after labiaplasty: a case-comparison study","volume":"25","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib41","author":"Mockett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002_bib42","author":"Chemaly"}],"container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2050052120300627?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2050052120300627?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T19:37:47Z","timestamp":1672774667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2050052120300627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2050052120300627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0521","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Historical and Ethical Perspectives on Vulvoplasty","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sexual Medicine Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}