{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T23:14:33Z","timestamp":1794266073160,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these substances gradually became more popular with recreational weightlifters. Considering its increasing prevalence, the consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become a matter of great concern. Although most side effects are mild and reversible, some of them can cause permanent damage or can be potentially life threatening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review and summarize medical literature regarding misuse and abuse of testosterone and other androgens, in order to provide evidence-based information on the main topics related to this subject, such as how to identify and how to deal with these patients, and to elucidate the multiple possible adverse effects secondary to this practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Key studies were retrieved from PubMed (1989\u20132021) with reference searches from relevant articles. Search terms included \u201chypogonadism\u201d, \u201canabolic androgenic steroids\u201d, \u201candrogens\u201d, \u201cmisuse AND testosterone\u201d, \u201cabuse AND testosterone\u201d, and \u201cside effects AND testosterone\u201d.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a significant lack of information in the peer-reviewed literature describing demographic data, implications for different organ systems and the management of current or former AAS users; however, androgen abuse has been already linked to a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic, endocrine, neurological, psychiatric and liver disorders. Despite all this, most physicians still feel uncomfortable and hesitate to discuss the issue with patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The chronic use of high doses of AAS is associated with adverse effects in several organ systems; however, there are still many gaps in our knowledge about the long-term consequences of this practice and how to deal with these patients. Healthcare professionals have a crucial role in combating this public health problem, recognizing and preventing the spread of androgen abuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T08:01:59Z","timestamp":1638864119000},"page":"583-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Use, Misuse and Abuse of Testosterone and Other Androgens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bruno L.","family":"Linhares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology , Fortaleza , Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Ceara , Fortaleza , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo P.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology , Fortaleza , Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Ceara , Fortaleza , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Cintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology , Fortaleza , Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Ceara , Fortaleza , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Reges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology , Fortaleza , Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade Federal do Ceara , Fortaleza , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz O.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Universitario UniBH , Belo Horizonte , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.09.005","article-title":"Androgen misuse and abuse","volume":"25","author":"Handelsman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00642.x","article-title":"Testosterone: Use, misuse and abuse","volume":"185","author":"Handelsman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.165","article-title":"Pharmacology of anabolic steroids","volume":"154","author":"Kicman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12730","article-title":"Are we testing appropriately for low testosterone?: Characterization of tested men and compliance with current guidelines","volume":"12","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2015.01.027","article-title":"Characteristics of men undergoing testosterone replacement therapy and adherence to follow-up recommendations in metropolitan multicenter health care system","volume":"85","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491513000207","article-title":"Screening and monitoring in men prescribed testosterone therapy in the U.S., 2001-2010","volume":"130","author":"Baillargeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.03.115","article-title":"Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline","volume":"200","author":"Mulhall","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.11.270","article-title":"Testosterone therapy: What we have learned from trials","volume":"17","author":"Corona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3580","article-title":"A perspective on middle-aged and older men with functional hypogonadism: Focus on holistic management","volume":"102","author":"Grossmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161208","article-title":"Former abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids exhibit decreased testosterone levels and hypogonadal symptoms years after cessation: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-4-12","article-title":"A league of their own: Demographics, motivations and patterns of use of 1,955 male adult non-medical anabolic steroid users in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607043350101","article-title":"The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men","volume":"335","author":"Bhasin","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E154","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00502.2001","article-title":"Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy","volume":"283","author":"Sinha-Hikim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000157531.04472.B2","article-title":"Abuse of supraphysiologic doses of anabolic steroids","volume":"98","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80114-4","article-title":"A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids","volume":"23","author":"Shahidi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1058","article-title":"Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: An Endocrine Society scientific statement","volume":"35","author":"Pope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.307","article-title":"Designer steroids - over-the-counter supplements and their androgenic component: Review of an increasing problem","volume":"3","author":"Rahnema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-016-0029-4","article-title":"Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility","volume":"26","author":"El Osta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.01.009","article-title":"The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sagoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000210194.56834.5d","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroids: A survey of 500 users","volume":"38","author":"Parkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.31.1.54","article-title":"Gym and tonic: A profile of 100 male steroid users","volume":"31","author":"Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12118.x","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: Current best estimates","volume":"23","author":"Pope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988316648704","article-title":"The availability and acquisition of illicit anabolic androgenic steroids and testosterone preparations on the internet","volume":"12","author":"McBride","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.06.010","article-title":"Anabolic steroid induced hypogonadism in young men","volume":"190","author":"Coward","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00781.x","article-title":"Anabolic steroid users' attitudes towards physicians","volume":"99","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000180872.22426.bb","article-title":"Anabolic steroid use in weightlifters and bodybuilders: An internet survey of drug utilization","volume":"15","author":"Perry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(01)00013-X","article-title":"Supplements and drugs used to enhance athletic performance","volume":"49","author":"Congeni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0208","article-title":"Past anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men admitted for substance abuse treatment: An underrecognized problem?","volume":"64","author":"Kanayama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422018","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroids as a gateway to opioid dependence","volume":"342","author":"Arvary","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.09.006","article-title":"Selective androgen receptor modulators: Current knowledge and clinical applications","volume":"7","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1021\/ml1002508","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and preclinical characterization of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD140","volume":"2","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.07.027","article-title":"BA321, a novel carborane analog that binds to androgen and estrogen receptors, acts as a new selective androgen receptor modulator of bone in male mice","volume":"478","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01882","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of anabolic androgenic steroid use","volume":"104","author":"Anawalt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101093","article-title":"Intended or unintended doping? A review of the presence of doping substances in dietary supplements used in sports","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Sanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12850","article-title":"Health consequences of androgenic anabolic steroid use","volume":"285","author":"Horwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026945","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicity of illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use","volume":"135","author":"Baggish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E","article-title":"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines","volume":"110","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.08.005","article-title":"Long term perturbation of endocrine parameters and cholesterol metabolism after discontinued abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids","volume":"127","author":"G\u00e5revik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001546","article-title":"Increased blood pressure and aortic stiffness among abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids: Potential effect of suppressed natriuretic peptides in plasma?","volume":"36","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000404","article-title":"Public health impact of androgens","volume":"25","author":"Kanayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002","article-title":"Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"101","author":"Rahnema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12850","article-title":"Prolonged hypogonadism in males following withdrawal from anabolic-androgenic steroids: An under-recognized problem","volume":"110","author":"Kanayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3181fb5370","article-title":"Women and anabolic steroids: An analysis of a dozen users","volume":"20","author":"Ip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0365-9","article-title":"Androgens and male fertility","volume":"21","author":"Dohle","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10131.x","article-title":"Anabolic steroids and male infertility: A comprehensive review","volume":"108","author":"de Souza","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00495.x","article-title":"Exercise and supraphysiological dose of nandrolone decanoate increase apoptosis in spermatogenic cells","volume":"106","author":"Shokri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-005-9002-4","article-title":"Structural sperm and aneuploidies studies in a case of spermatogenesis recovery after the use of androgenic anabolic steroids","volume":"24","author":"Moretti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53172-0","article-title":"Anabolic steroids and semen parameters in bodybuilders","volume":"52","author":"Knuth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023041308073487200_","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric and behavioral involvement in AAS abusers. A literature review","volume":"55","author":"Bertozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)."},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718000508","article-title":"Associations of anabolic-androgenic steroid use with other behavioral disorders: An analysis using directed acyclic graphs","volume":"48","author":"Kanayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.023","article-title":"Brain and cognition abnormalities in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users","volume":"152","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.06.017","article-title":"Structural brain imaging of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users and nonusing weightlifters","volume":"82","author":"Bj\u00f8rnebekk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21389","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of the testosterone-aggression relation: The role of orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"22","author":"Mehta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820973096","article-title":"Prevalence, mental health and substance use of anabolic steroid users: A population-based study on young individuals","volume":"49","author":"Gestsdottir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp070677","article-title":"Clinical practice. Gynecomastia","volume":"357","author":"Braunstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S4261","article-title":"Anabolic steroids, acute myocardial infarction and polycythemia: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Stergiopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.2174\/138955711795445916","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and liver toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Neri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19415","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24767","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroids and carcinogenicity focusing on Leydig cell: A literature review","volume":"9","author":"Salerno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116650005","article-title":"Micronucleus as biomarkers of cancer risk in anabolic androgenic steroids users","volume":"36","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-819955","article-title":"Analysis of non-hormonal nutritional supplements for anabolic-androgenic steroids - results of an international study","volume":"25","author":"Geyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199510000-00003","article-title":"Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids","volume":"5","author":"Kouri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","first-page":"872","article-title":"Men regret anabolic steroid use due to a lack of comprehension regarding the consequences on future fertility","volume":"47","author":"Kovac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.04.029","article-title":"Persistent primary hypogonadism associated with anabolic steroid abuse","volume":"96","author":"Boregowda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.10968.x","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long-term management of hypogonadism","volume":"110","author":"Moskovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2023041308073487200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.04.23","article-title":"Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on sexual function","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"}],"container-title":["Sexual Medicine Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2050052121000834?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2050052121000834?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/583\/49873251\/smr_10_4_583.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/583\/49873251\/smr_10_4_583.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T18:45:37Z","timestamp":1699901137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/smr\/article\/10\/4\/583\/7016849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0521","2050-0513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0521","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2050-0513","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Use, Misuse and Abuse of Testosterone and Other Androgens","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Sexual Medicine Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2021.10.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021, International Society of Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}