{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:07:51Z","timestamp":1786997271343,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,20]],"date-time":"2003-11-20T08:04:02Z","timestamp":1069315442000},"page":"169-179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Dose\u2013response study of thimerosal-induced murine systemic autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Havarinasab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Lambertsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Qvarnstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Hultman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260717","article-title":"Mercury induces polyclonal B-cell activation, autoantibody production and renal immune complex deposits in young (NZB \u00d7 NZW)F1 hybrids","volume":"26","author":"Al-Balaghi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.48.561.417","article-title":"Six cases of poisoning after a parenteral organic mercury compound (Merthiolate)","volume":"48","author":"Axton","year":"1972","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1147","article-title":"An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Ball","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107867","article-title":"Cadmium, mercury and lead in kidney cortex of the general Swedish population: a study of biopsies from living kidney donors","volume":"107","author":"Barreg\u00e5rd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB5","series-title":"Mercury in Dental-Filling Materials\u2014An Updated Risk Analysis in Environmental Medical Terms","first-page":"23","author":"Berlin","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689909200918","article-title":"The puzzle of pink disease","volume":"92","author":"Black","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(90)90380-E","article-title":"Subnucleosome structure as substrates in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays","volume":"134","author":"Burlingame","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB55","series-title":"Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology","first-page":"755","article-title":"Autoantibodies to ribonucleoprotein particles by immunoblotting","author":"Chan","year":"1992"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s111","article-title":"The three modern faces of mercury","volume":"110","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB9","first-page":"490","article-title":"Einfluss von amalgamf\u00fcllungen auf die quecksilberkonzentration in menschlichen organen","volume":"47","author":"Drasch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dtsch. Zahnaerztl. Z."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000316230","article-title":"Does amalgam affect the immune system? A controversial issue","volume":"106","author":"Enestr\u00f6m","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0482","article-title":"Induction of autoimmunity through bystander effects. Lessons from immunological disorders induced by heavy metals","volume":"16","author":"Fourni\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.197","article-title":"Technical report: mercury in the environment: implications for pediatricians","volume":"108","author":"Goldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02174.x","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to thimerosal: the sensitizing moiety","volume":"34","author":"Gon\u00e7alo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(86)90046-3","article-title":"Mercuric chloride-, gold sodium thiomalate-, and penicillamine-induced antinuclear antibodies in mice","volume":"86","author":"Goter-Robinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB15","first-page":"269","article-title":"Mercury induced antinuclear antibodies in mice: characterization and correlation with renal immune complex deposits","volume":"71","author":"Hultman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB16","first-page":"227","article-title":"Murine mercury-induced immune-complex disease: effect of cyclophosphamide treatment and importance of T-cells","volume":"70","author":"Hultman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90115-9","article-title":"Dose\u2013response studies in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity and immune-complex disease","volume":"113","author":"Hultman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8576","article-title":"Methyl-mercury induced autoimmunity in mice","volume":"154","author":"Hultman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2001.0521","article-title":"The effect of dose, gender and non-H-2 genes in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"17","author":"Hultman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB20","first-page":"141","article-title":"The effect of toxicokinetics on murine mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"77","author":"Hultman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB21","first-page":"175","article-title":"Circulating and tissue immune complexes in mercury-treated mice","volume":"29","author":"Hultman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(92)90212-7","article-title":"Murine susceptibility to mercury: I. Autoantibody profiles and systemic immune deposits in inbred, congenic, and intra-H-2-recombinant strains","volume":"65","author":"Hultman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB23","first-page":"191","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to silver-induced antifibrillarin autoantibodies in mice","volume":"77","author":"Hultman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1996.0017","article-title":"Murine genotype influences the specificity, magnitude and persistence of murine mercury-induced autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Hultman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.119.6.2157","article-title":"Mechanism for induction of anti-DNA antibodies by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice: II. Correlation between anti-DNA induction and polyclonal antibody formation by various polyclonal B lymphocyte activators","volume":"119","author":"Izui","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1997.4412","article-title":"Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune disease in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Jacobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1159\/000237619","article-title":"Murine silver-induced autoimmunity: silver shares induction of antinucleolar antibodies with mercury, but causes less activation of the immune system","volume":"113","author":"Johansson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000023959","article-title":"The genotype determines the B cell response in mercury-treated mice","volume":"116","author":"Johansson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB29","first-page":"403","article-title":"Albuminuria and the nephrotic syndrome following exposure to mercury and its compounds","volume":"31","author":"Kazantzis","year":"1962","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.721","article-title":"Review on the toxicity of ethylmercury, including its presence as a preservative in biological and pharmaceutical products","volume":"21","author":"Magos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.918","article-title":"Neurotoxic character of thimerosal and the allometric extrapolation of adult clearance half-time to infants","volume":"23","author":"Magos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00324789","article-title":"The comparative toxicology of ethyl- and methylmercury","volume":"57","author":"Magos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05387.x","article-title":"Acute laryngeal obstruction presumed secondary to thimerosal (Merthiolate) delayed hypersensitivity","volume":"1","author":"Maibach","year":"1975","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80159-4","article-title":"Mercury toxicity (acrodynia) induced by long-term injection of gamma globulin","volume":"97","author":"Matheson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830191212","article-title":"Immunological alterations inducible by mercury compounds: III. H-2A acts as an immune response and H-2E as an immune \u201csuppression\u201d locus for HgCl2-induced antinucleolar antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Mirtcheva","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB36","series-title":"Chemical Health and Safety Information: O-Carboxyphenyl-thio-ethylmercury Sodium Salt","author":"National Toxicology Program","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399209531659","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride in mice","volume":"37","author":"Nielsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Env. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5877","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5877","article-title":"Mercury-induced autoimmunity in mice","volume":"110","author":"Nielsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB39","series-title":"Mercury and Its Effects on Environment and Biology","first-page":"421","article-title":"Effects of mercury on the immune system","author":"Pollard","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s5729","article-title":"Lupus-prone mice as models to study xenobiotic-induced acceleration of systemic autoimmunity","volume":"107","author":"Pollard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0110927","article-title":"Xenobiotic acceleration of idiopathic systemic autoimmunity in lupus prone BXSB mice","volume":"109","author":"Pollard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0342370","article-title":"Determination of methylmercury, ethylmercury, and inorganic mercury in mouse tissues, following administration of thimerosal, by species-specific isotope dilution GC-inductively coupled plasma-MS","volume":"75","author":"Qvarnstr\u00f6m","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05767.x","article-title":"Thimerosal positives: the role of organomercury alkyl compounds","volume":"38","author":"Santucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB44","series-title":"Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","author":"Stratton","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.113473","article-title":"Thimerosal in the detection clinically relevant allergic contact reactions","volume":"45","author":"Suneja","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB46","first-page":"277","article-title":"Comparative study of bodily distribution of mercury in mice after subcutaneous administration of methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl mercury acetates","volume":"33","author":"Suzuki","year":"1963","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB47","series-title":"Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans","first-page":"209","article-title":"Metabolic fate of ethylmercury salts in man and animal","author":"Suzuki","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.2.961","article-title":"Analysis of the autoantibody response to fibrillarin in human disease and murine models of autoimmunity","volume":"154","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312571","article-title":"Distribution and excretion of some mercury compounds after long term exposure","volume":"19","author":"Ulfvarson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1994.tb02022.x","article-title":"Sensitization to thimerosal (Merthiolate) is still present today","volume":"31","author":"van't Veen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1111","article-title":"Systemic autoimmunity due to mercury vapor in genetically susceptible mice: dose\u2013response studies","volume":"132","author":"Warfvinge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000159","article-title":"Homozygous gene deletions of the glutathione S-transferase MI and TI are associated with thimerosal sensitization","volume":"73","author":"Westphal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2003.20204.x","article-title":"Patch testing in children, adults, and the elderly: influence of age and sex on sensitization patterns","volume":"20","author":"W\u00f6hrl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00756.x","article-title":"Systemic contact dermatitis from thimerosal","volume":"32","author":"Zenarola","year":"1995","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041008X0300440X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041008X0300440X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T09:51:07Z","timestamp":1682589067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041008X0300440X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041008X0300440X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2003.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-008X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-008X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}