{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:28:08Z","timestamp":1790299688041,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,28]],"date-time":"2004-12-28T18:59:44Z","timestamp":1104260384000},"page":"17-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Oxidative mechanisms contributing to the developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine and chlorpyrifos"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic J.","family":"Seidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore A.","family":"Slotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300221","article-title":"Short-term adolescent nicotine exposure has immediate and persistent effects on cholinergic systems: critical periods, patterns of exposure, dose thresholds","volume":"28","author":"Abreu-Villa\u00e7a","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02885-3","article-title":"Nicotine is a neurotoxin in the adolescent brain: critical periods, patterns of exposure, regional selectivity, and dose thresholds for macromolecular alterations","volume":"979","author":"Abreu-Villa\u00e7a","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300443","article-title":"Does prenatal nicotine sensitize the brain to nicotine-induced neurotoxicity in adolescence?","volume":"29","author":"Abreu-Villa\u00e7a","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109583","article-title":"Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample","volume":"109","author":"Adgate","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(95)03156-A","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides","volume":"104","author":"Bagchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7079742","article-title":"Neurons in the rat dentate gyrus granular layer substantially increase during juvenile and adult life","volume":"216","author":"Bayer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1081\/PFC-120019901","article-title":"Exposure to low doses of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos modifies endogenous antioxidants in tissues of rats","volume":"38","author":"Bebe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, B Pestic., Food Contam. Agric. Wastes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90255-1","article-title":"Effects of \u03b1-difluoromethylornithine, a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, on nucleic acids and proteins in developing rat brain: critical perinatal periods for regional selectivity","volume":"17","author":"Bell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00228-7","article-title":"Preferential effects of nicotine and 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone on mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase A4-4 induction and increased oxidative stress in the rat brain","volume":"56","author":"Bhagwat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(01)00003-X","article-title":"Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson's disease","volume":"65","author":"Blum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00143-3","article-title":"Acetylcholine induces neuritic outgrowth in rat primary olfactory bulb cultures","volume":"98","author":"Coronas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02357-4","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vivo and in vitro: effects on nuclear transcription factor involved in cell replication and differentiation","volume":"857","author":"Crumpton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(00)00045-6","article-title":"Is oxidative stress involved in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos?","volume":"121","author":"Crumpton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A787","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021100787","article-title":"Evaluation of take-home organophosphorus pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and their children","volume":"110","author":"Curl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00139-X","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos releases norepinephrine from adult and neonatal rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"118","author":"Dam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8767","article-title":"Neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells is inhibited by chlorpyrifos and its metabolites: is acetylcholinesterase inhibition the site of action?","volume":"160","author":"Das","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15633","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210389200","article-title":"Nicotine modulates the expression of a diverse set of genes in the neuronal SH-SY5Y cell line","volume":"278","author":"Dunckley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14750.x","article-title":"Blockade of nicotinic receptor-mediated release of dopamine from striatal synaptosomes by chlorisondamine administered in vivo","volume":"111","author":"El-Bizri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib19","first-page":"231","article-title":"Nicotine and cotinine in maternal and neonatal hair as markers of gestational smoking","volume":"19","author":"Eliopoulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Invest. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00077-3","article-title":"Prevalence of fetal exposure to environmental toxins as determined by meconium analysis","volume":"23","author":"Enrique","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-9120(94)00092-A","article-title":"Association between creatinine-adjusted and unadjusted urine cotinine values in children and the mother's report of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke","volume":"28","author":"Fried","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8980127","article-title":"Regulation of the differentiation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells","volume":"80","author":"Fujita","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(03)00222-0","article-title":"Nicotine upregulates nerve growth factor expression and prevents apoptosis of cultured spinal cord neurons","volume":"47","author":"Garrido","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000051527","article-title":"Causes of oxidative stress in the pre- and perinatal period","volume":"81","author":"Gitto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90022-Y","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells","volume":"145","author":"Gould","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(03)00009-3","article-title":"Dual effects of nicotine on oxidative stress and neuroprotection in PC12 cells","volume":"43","author":"Guan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040000167","article-title":"The effect of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos-ethyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (in vitro)","volume":"74","author":"Gultekin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/15376520490429175","article-title":"Brain regional heterogeneity and toxicological mechanisms of organophosphates and carbamates","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.981069","article-title":"Accumulation of chlorpyrifos on residential surfaces and toys accessible to children","volume":"106","author":"Gurunathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-7431(03)00244-6","article-title":"Neuroprotection by nicotine against hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cortical cultures involves activation of multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes","volume":"24","author":"Hejmadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(02)00016-9","article-title":"Neurotoxicity induced in differentiated SK-N-SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by organophosphorus compounds","volume":"186","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90031-I","article-title":"Morphometric study of human cerebral cortex development","volume":"28","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.07.012","article-title":"Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00318-4","article-title":"Maternal tobacco exposure and cotinine levels in fetal fluids in the first half of pregnancy","volume":"83","author":"Jauniaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib35","first-page":"141","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos on glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat brain","volume":"21","author":"Jett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib36","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Nicotine increases the expression of TrkA receptors on differentiated PC12 cells","volume":"24","author":"Jonnala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Abstr. - Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00425.x","article-title":"Apoptotic signaling in dopamine-induced cell death: the role of oxidative stress, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cytochrome c and caspases","volume":"78","author":"Junn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(01)00063-8","article-title":"Striatal dopaminergic pathways as a target for the insecticides permethrin and chlorpyrifos","volume":"22","author":"Karen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7514","article-title":"Hyperoxia induces the differentiated neuronal phenotype of PC12 cells by producing reactive oxygen species","volume":"241","author":"Katoh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110829","article-title":"Temporal association of children's pesticide exposure and agricultural spraying: report of a longitudinal biological monitoring study","volume":"110","author":"Koch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perpsect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1191\/096032799678839932","article-title":"Passive smoke exposure in infants and children with respiratory tract diseases","volume":"18","author":"Kohler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00019-9","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated release of [3H]norepinephrine from developing and adult rat hippocampus: direct and indirect mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Leslie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02457-9","article-title":"\u03b17 Nicotinic receptor-mediated protection against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"861","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60502-6","article-title":"Prenatal adverse effects of nicotine on the developing brain","volume":"73","author":"Lichtensteiger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1210\/en.130.2.825","article-title":"Nerve growth factor enhances [3H]nicotine binding to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor on PC12 cells","volume":"130","author":"Madhok","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib46","first-page":"1893","article-title":"Nicotine attenuates the cytotoxicity induced by long term treatment with amyloid \u03b2 protein in PC12 cells","volume":"23","author":"Miao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Abstr. - Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(02)02135-5","article-title":"Nicotine's oxidative and antioxidant properties in CNS","volume":"71","author":"Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib48","first-page":"2477","article-title":"Retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells: an in vitro model to assess drug neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Nicolini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00325-7","article-title":"Roles of molecular chaperones in the nervous system","volume":"53","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-199412000-00013","article-title":"Metals and free radicals in neurodegeneration","volume":"7","author":"Olanow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70378-7","article-title":"Meconium analysis to assess fetal exposure to nicotine by active and passive maternal smoking","volume":"124","author":"Ostrea","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/109374099281205","article-title":"Organophosphorus pesticides: do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity?","volume":"2","author":"Pope","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04578.x","article-title":"Chronic, but not acute, nicotine exposure attenuates ethanol withdrawal-induced hippocampal damage in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Prendergast","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol., Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1999.0810","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists promote survival and reduce apoptosis of chick ciliary ganglion neurons","volume":"15","author":"Pugh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109909","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos modeled in vitro: comparative effects of metabolites and other cholinesterase inhibitors on DNA synthesis in PC12 and C6 cells","volume":"109","author":"Qiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(03)00222-0","article-title":"Nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant and neuroprotectant: stage-selective inhibition of DNA synthesis coincident with shielding from effects of chlorpyrifos","volume":"147","author":"Qiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60543-9","article-title":"Synaptic development of the cerebral cortex: implications for learning, memory, and mental illness","volume":"102","author":"Rakic","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht238oa","article-title":"Induction of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in organophosphorous pesticide manufacturing workers","volume":"21","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2307\/3454543","article-title":"Critical periods of vulnerability for the developing nervous system: evidence from humans and animal models","volume":"108","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(94)90142-2","article-title":"In search of a mechanism for receptor-mediated neurobehavioral teratogenesis by nicotine: catecholamine release by nicotine in immature rat brain regions","volume":"82","author":"Seidler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib61","first-page":"931","article-title":"Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: which one is worse?","volume":"285","author":"Slotkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s171","article-title":"Developmental cholinotoxicants: nicotine and chlorpyrifos","volume":"107","author":"Slotkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(02)00199-X","article-title":"Nicotine and the adolescent brain: insights from an animal model","volume":"24","author":"Slotkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.06.001","article-title":"Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates","volume":"198","author":"Slotkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420300209","article-title":"Control of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in developing brain, kidney, and heart of the neonatal rat: effects of \u03b1-difluoromethylornithine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase","volume":"30","author":"Slotkin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00284-5","article-title":"Functional alterations in CNS catecholamine systems in adolescence and adulthood after neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure","volume":"133","author":"Slotkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90442-7","article-title":"Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib68","series-title":"Statistical Methods","author":"Snedecor","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8424","article-title":"Modeling the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vitro: macromolecule synthesis in PC12 cells","volume":"151","author":"Song","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199911)28:2<85::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Astrocytes prevent neuronal death induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"28","author":"Tanaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib71","series-title":"Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook","first-page":"218","article-title":"Cultured PC12 cells: a model for neuronal function and differentiation","author":"Teng","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033151","article-title":"Protective effects of nicotine on ethanol-induced toxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells","volume":"5","author":"Tizabi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01026-0","article-title":"Protective effect of nicotine through nicotinic acetylcholine receptor \u03b17 on hypoxia-induced membrane disintegration and DNA fragmentation of cultured PC12 cells","volume":"285","author":"Tohgi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01994-0","article-title":"Adolescent nicotine exposure causes persistent upregulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain regions","volume":"851","author":"Trauth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02208-3","article-title":"An animal model of adolescent nicotine exposure: effects on gene expression and macromolecular constituents in rat brain regions","volume":"867","author":"Trauth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00482-6","article-title":"Tissue transglutaminase is essential for neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"102","author":"Tucholski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00823.x","article-title":"Overexpression of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor prevents G1-arrest and DNA fragmentation in PC12 cells after hypoxia","volume":"81","author":"Utsugisawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib78","first-page":"777","article-title":"Differential effects of physostigmine and organophosphates on nicotinic receptors in neuronal cells of different species","volume":"19","author":"van den Beukel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110507","article-title":"Residential pesticide use during pregnancy among a cohort of urban minority women","volume":"110","author":"Whyatt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(65)90009-6","article-title":"Quantitative changes in DNA, RNA and protein during prenatal and postnatal growth in the rat","volume":"12","author":"Winick","year":"1965","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200310001615321","article-title":"Sex-selective hippocampal alterations after adolescent nicotine administration: effects on neurospecific proteins","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(98)00105-X","article-title":"Nicotine enantiomers and oxidative stress","volume":"130","author":"Yildiz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900537","article-title":"Comparison of pure nicotine- and smokeless tobacco extract-induced toxicities and oxidative stress","volume":"37","author":"Yildiz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003_bib84","first-page":"177","article-title":"Relationship between acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning and damages induced by free radicals","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041008X04005125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041008X04005125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1548843912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041008X04005125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0041008X04005125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-008X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-008X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}}}