{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:34:13Z","timestamp":1788449653505,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004343","name":"3M","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T22:13:47Z","timestamp":1635891227000},"page":"115783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Remdesivir; molecular and functional measures of mitochondrial safety"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"433","author":[{"given":"J.A.","family":"Bjork","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.B.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18","article-title":"Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease","volume":"9","author":"Agostini","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2010.04.040","article-title":"A high-throughput respirometric assay for mitochondrial biogenesis and toxicity","volume":"404","author":"Beeson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 - final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp093","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships and human relevance for perfluoroalkyl acid-induced transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferation in liver cell cultures","volume":"111","author":"Bjork","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1955.10501294","article-title":"A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control","volume":"50","author":"Dunnett","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Amer. Stat. Assn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2040206618758524","article-title":"Addressing the selectivity and toxicity of antiviral nucleosides","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0035","first-page":"25","article-title":"Mitochondrial medicine--molecular pathology of defective oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"31","author":"Fosslien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301","article-title":"Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6785","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013679","article-title":"Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)90004-3","article-title":"Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Kakuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0060","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Quantitation of the change in GADD153 messenger RNA level as a molecular marker of tumor response in head and neck cancer","volume":"5","author":"Los","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2004.06.009","article-title":"Direct effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on rat cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics","volume":"4","author":"Lund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:4:3:217","article-title":"Direct, DNA pol-gamma-independent effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on mitochondrial bioenergetics","volume":"4","author":"Lund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.067","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA as a non-invasive biomarker: accurate quantification using real time quantitative PCR without co-amplification of pseudogenes and dilution bias","volume":"412","author":"Malik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-012-9446-z","article-title":"Assessment of drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction via altered cellular respiration and acidification measured in a 96-well platform","volume":"44","author":"Nadanaciva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401373","article-title":"Roles of CHOP\/GADD153 in endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"11","author":"Oyadomari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90245-1","article-title":"Studies on the inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication by 3\u2032-azido-3\u2032-deoxythymidine and other dideoxynucleoside analogs which inhibit HIV-1 replication","volume":"38","author":"Simpson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16349","article-title":"Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Spinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040326","article-title":"Mechanism of inhibition of ebola virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by Remdesivir","volume":"11","author":"Tchesnokov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.353","article-title":"Mitochondrial targets of drug toxicity","volume":"40","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys","volume":"531","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02237-20","article-title":"Off-target in vitro profiling demonstrates that remdesivir is a highly selective antiviral agent","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-134","article-title":"Primer-BLAST: a tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."}],"container-title":["Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041008X21003872?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0041008X21003872?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T20:57:49Z","timestamp":1758574669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0041008X21003872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S0041008X21003872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783","relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-008X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-008X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Remdesivir; molecular and functional measures of mitochondrial safety","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2021.115783","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115783"}}