{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:06:48Z","timestamp":1793383608960,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:32:14Z","timestamp":1591011134000},"page":"370-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Update on acute myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Enrico","family":"Ammirati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bottiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dao Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manlio","family":"Cipriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Garascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Pedrotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310221","article-title":"Inflammatory Cardiomyopathic Syndromes","volume":"121","author":"Trachtenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1054-z","article-title":"Acute and fulminant myocarditis: a pragmatic clinical approach to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Ammirati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"7862","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90480-2","article-title":"Serial transvenous biopsy of the transplanted human heart. Improved management of acute rejection episodes","volume":"1","author":"Caves","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80363-5","article-title":"Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria","volume":"18","author":"Aretz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000745","article-title":"Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American heart association","author":"Kociol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90465-8","article-title":"Insensitivity of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy in the diagnosis of myocarditis","volume":"14","author":"Chow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000087","article-title":"Evaluation of the role of endomyocardial biopsy in 851 patients with unexplained heart failure from 2000-2009","volume":"6","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.10.021","article-title":"Comparison of utilization trends, indications, and complications of endomyocardial biopsy in native versus donor hearts (from the nationwide inpatient sample 2002 to 2014)","volume":"121","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003092","article-title":"Long-term evolution and prognostic stratification of biopsy-proven active myocarditis","volume":"128","author":"Anzini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Kindermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm076","article-title":"A prospective study of biopsy-proven myocarditis: prognostic relevance of clinical and aetiopathogenetic features at diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Caforio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.04.012","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of in-hospital mortality, cardiogenic shock, and utilization of mechanical circulatory support devices in myocarditis (analysis of national inpatient sample data, 2005-2014)","volume":"25","author":"Pahuja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiac Fail"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035319","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcome in a contemporary cohort of patients with acute myocarditis","volume":"138","author":"Ammirati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.008614","article-title":"Natural history of myocardial injury and chamber remodeling in acute myocarditis","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation Cardiovascular imaging"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.044","article-title":"Cardiac MR with late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis with preserved systolic function: ITAMY study","volume":"70","author":"Aquaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.072","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e579","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000455","article-title":"Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American heart association","volume":"134","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003093421003","article-title":"Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis","volume":"342","author":"McCarthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.026386","article-title":"Survival and left ventricular function changes in fulminant versus nonfulminant acute myocarditis","volume":"136","author":"Ammirati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.063","article-title":"Fulminant versus acute nonfulminant myocarditis in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction","volume":"74","author":"Ammirati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.07.041","article-title":"Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis","volume":"102","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.969261","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of giant-cell myocarditis in the era of combined immunosuppression","volume":"6","author":"Kandolin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.023","article-title":"Eosinophilic myocarditis: characteristics, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"70","author":"Brambatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.665","article-title":"Relevance of cardiac parvovirus B19 in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Verdonschot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-25","article-title":"Learning from myocarditis: mimicry, chaos and black holes","volume":"6","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.004","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in children","volume":"55","author":"Bratincsak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04909-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a potential novel etiology of fulminant myocarditis","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096","article-title":"Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Inciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1828","article-title":"Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313578","article-title":"Management of myocarditis-related cardiomyopathy in adults","volume":"124","author":"Tschope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp249","article-title":"Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study","volume":"30","author":"Frustaci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0035","article-title":"Corticosteroids for viral myocarditis","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochr Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1738","article-title":"Viral genome search in myocardium of patients with fulminant myocarditis","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1560","article-title":"Immunosuppression in inflammatory cardiomyopathy and parvovirus B19 persistence","volume":"21","author":"Tschope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034497","article-title":"Myocarditis in the setting of cancer therapeutics: proposed case definitions for emerging clinical syndromes in cardio-oncology","volume":"140","author":"Bonaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.037","article-title":"Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.2535","article-title":"Estimation of the percentage of US patients with cancer who are eligible for and respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy drugs","volume":"2","author":"Haslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.08.038","article-title":"Differences in clinical presentation and outcome between immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis and classical acute myocarditis: Same disease, distinct challenges to face","volume":"296","author":"Veronese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000239","article-title":"Autoimmune myocarditis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors treated with antithymocyte globulin","volume":"41","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1901677","article-title":"Abatacept for severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"380","author":"Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1903064","article-title":"Alemtuzumab for immune-related myocarditis due to PD-1 therapy","volume":"380","author":"Esfahani","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm113","article-title":"The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients presenting with chest pain, raised troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries","volume":"28","author":"Assomull","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.282","article-title":"Quantitative changes in late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac magnetic resonance in the early phase of acute myocarditis","volume":"231","author":"Ammirati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-017-1063-9","article-title":"Clinical applications of multi-parametric CMR in myocarditis and systemic inflammatory diseases","volume":"34","author":"Lagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2019190010","article-title":"Comparison of original and 2018 lake louise criteria for diagnosis of acute myocarditis: results of a validation cohort","volume":"1","author":"Luetkens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothor Imaging"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.204818","article-title":"Acute myocarditis presenting as acute coronary syndrome: role of early cardiac magnetic resonance in its diagnosis","volume":"97","author":"Monney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-16-14","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance risk stratification in patients with clinically suspected myocarditis","volume":"16","author":"Schumm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Resonan"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.050","article-title":"Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance tissue characterization in risk stratifying patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"70","author":"Grani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.10.011","article-title":"CMR sensitivity varies with clinical presentation and extent of cell necrosis in biopsy-proven acute myocarditis","volume":"7","author":"Francone","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.1061","article-title":"Prognostic value of repeating cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with acute myocarditis","volume":"74","author":"Aquaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0054","article-title":"Myocarditis in athletes is a challenge: diagnosis, risk stratification, and uncertainties","author":"Eichhorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1387-1","article-title":"Current real-life use of vasopressors and inotropes in cardiogenic shock - adrenaline use is associated with excess organ injury and mortality","volume":"20","author":"Tarvasmaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi411","article-title":"Favourable clinical outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock due to fulminant myocarditis supported by percutaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"26","author":"Asaumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11150.1","article-title":"Acute mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock: the \"door to support\" time","volume":"6","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.08.014","article-title":"Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute fulminant myocarditis in adult patients: a 5-year multi-institutional experience","volume":"101","author":"Lorusso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thor Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14744\/AnatolJCardiol.2017.8170","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis: Characteristics, treatment, and outcomes","author":"Veronese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anatol J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0060","first-page":"682","article-title":"Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support for acute fulminant myocarditis: analysis of a single center's experience","volume":"40","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13548","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.13548","article-title":"Severe heart failure and the need for mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation in pediatric patients with myocarditis: Results from the prospective multicenter registry \"MYKKE\"","volume":"23","author":"Schubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Transpl"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.850","article-title":"Modalities and effects of left ventricle unloading on extracorporeal life support: a review of the current literature","volume":"19","author":"Meani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e31824b1f70","article-title":"Combined use of Impella left ventricular assist device and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to recovery in fulminant myocarditis","volume":"58","author":"Chaparro","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz124","article-title":"Mode-of-action of the PROPELLA concept in fulminant myocarditis","volume":"40","author":"Spillmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0065","first-page":"642","article-title":"First successful bridge to recovery with the Impella Recover 100 left ventricular assist device for fulminant acute myocarditis","volume":"4","author":"Colombo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ital Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.07.075","article-title":"Comparative outcomes in cardiogenic shock patients managed with Impella microaxial pump or extracorporeal life support","volume":"142","author":"Lamarche","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-018-9820-2","article-title":"Mechanical unloading by fulminant myocarditis: LV-IMPELLA, ECMELLA, BI-PELLA, and PROPELLA concepts","volume":"12","author":"Tschope","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036614","article-title":"Impella support for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock","volume":"139","author":"Schrage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0069","article-title":"Resident inflammatory cells in the myocardium of children: on the way to set histologic reference standards to differentiate normal myocardium from myocarditis","author":"Ammirati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005306","article-title":"Occurrence and features of childhood myocarditis: a nationwide study in Finland","volume":"6","author":"Arola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0234","article-title":"Clinical features of acute and fulminant myocarditis in children- 2nd nationwide survey by japanese society of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery","volume":"80","author":"Matsuura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s000590050009","article-title":"Molecular pathology and structural features of enteroviral replication. Toward understanding the pathogenesis of viral heart disease","volume":"25","author":"Klingel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-224133","article-title":"Successful treatment of fulminant neonatal enteroviral myocarditis in monochorionic diamniotic twins with cardiopulmonary support, intravenous immunoglobulin and pocapavir","volume":"2018","author":"Amdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.05.116","article-title":"Myocardial inflammation detected by cardiac MRI in Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: A paediatric case series","volume":"271","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.043","article-title":"Autosomal recessive cardiomyopathy presenting as acute myocarditis","volume":"69","author":"Belkaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.01.001","article-title":"Genetics of myocarditis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia","volume":"12","author":"Lopez-Ayala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-018-0410-7","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of electroanatomic mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsy: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.017","article-title":"High prevalence of myocarditis mimicking arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy differential diagnosis by electroanatomic mapping-guided endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"53","author":"Pieroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.114.002216","article-title":"Feasibility of combined unipolar and bipolar voltage maps to improve sensitivity of endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"8","author":"Casella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.01.036","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in myocarditis: characterization and relationships with myocardial inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Peretto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.008","volume":"50","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.12.022","article-title":"Lack of relationship between serum cardiac troponin i level and giant cell myocarditis diagnosis and outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Gilotra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiac Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-0978-9","article-title":"Joint SNMMI-ASNC expert consensus document on the role of (18)F-FDG PET\/CT in cardiac sarcoid detection and therapy monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Chareonthaitawee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.03.040","article-title":"Shoshin beriberi mimicking a high-risk non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome with cardiogenic shock: when the arteries are not guilty","volume":"41","author":"Loma-Osorio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006097","article-title":"Systemic capillary leak syndrome presenting with fulminant recurrent cardiogenic shock","volume":"12","author":"Arvanitis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.01.002","article-title":"Back from the brink: catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"128","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0087","first-page":"577","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of a fulminant myocarditis: the pheochromocytoma crisis","volume":"4","author":"Spangenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.605","article-title":"Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"68","author":"Birnie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-018-9385-3","article-title":"Chinese society of cardiology expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of adult fulminant myocarditis","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"}],"container-title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050173820300797?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050173820300797?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T05:01:04Z","timestamp":1760936464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050173820300797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1050173820300797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-1738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-1738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Update on acute myocarditis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.05.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}