{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:25:23Z","timestamp":1793766323465,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,28]],"date-time":"2024-07-28T14:04:04Z","timestamp":1722175444000},"page":"73-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Quinidine for ventricular arrhythmias: A comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Redwane","family":"Rakza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Groussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Benali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Behar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Mabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Pavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson J.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl P.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0001","series-title":"Trait\u00e9 de la structure du coeur, de son action, et de ses maladies","author":"Jean-Baptiste","year":"1749"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0002","series-title":"Die unregelm\u00e4ssige herzt\u00e4tigkeit und ihre klinische bedeutung","author":"Wenckebach","year":"1914"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1923.02650060042012","article-title":"Cinchona derivatives In the treatment of heart disorders","volume":"81","author":"Wenckebach","year":"1923","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"55","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0004","first-page":"450","article-title":"\u00dcber Vorhofflimmern beim Menschen und seine Beseitigung durch Chinidin","author":"Walter","year":"1918","journal-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1929.02700400020007","article-title":"The effect of quinidine sulphate on ventricular tachycardia: clinical observations","volume":"92","author":"Levine","year":"1929","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.19.2144","article-title":"Rate Control and Sinus Rhythm Maintenance in Atrial Fibrillation: National Trends in Medication Use, 1980-1996","volume":"158","author":"Stafford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199103213241201","article-title":"Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Receiving Encainide, Flecainide, or Placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial","volume":"324","author":"Echt","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.4.1106","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"82","author":"Coplen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0009","series-title":"Rapport d\u2019\u00e9valuation des m\u00e9dicaments antiarythmiques oraux [Internet]","article-title":"Direction de l'Evaluation M\u00e9dicale, Economique et de Sant\u00e9 Publique","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0010","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence of Brugada Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Vutthikraivit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.01.031","article-title":"The Diagnostic Yield of Brugada Syndrome After Sudden Death With Normal Autopsy","volume":"71","author":"Papadakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071968","article-title":"Sudden Cardiac Arrest Associated with Early Repolarization","volume":"358","author":"Ha\u00efssaguerre","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz467","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"41","author":"Brugada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0015","volume":"138","author":"Al-Khatib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.11.019","volume":"122","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.04.028","article-title":"Quinidine\u2014A legacy within the modern era of antiarrhythmic therapy","volume":"144","author":"Vitali Serdoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0018","series-title":"The merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals","author":"O'Neil","year":"2001"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054209","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of dihydroquinidine and quinidine on ventricular ectopy after acute and chronic administration","volume":"2","author":"Chimienti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199009000-00015","article-title":"Simultaneous Measurement of Quinine and Quinidine in Human Plasma, Whole Blood, and Erythrocytes by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection","volume":"12","author":"Edstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/53.6.655","article-title":"Loss of quinidine gluconate injection in a polyvinyl chloride infusion system","volume":"53","author":"Darbar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1979.tb02479.x","article-title":"Relative Bioavailability of Quinidine Gluconate and Quinidine Sulfate in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Covinsky","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0023","series-title":"Quinidine gluconate extended release tablets usp [Internet]","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.29","article-title":"Effect of food on enteral absorption of quinidine","volume":"27","author":"Woo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198005020-00003","volume":"5","author":"Ochs","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Quinidine: Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39235-9","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic activity of two quinidine metabolites in experimental reperfusion arrhythmia: relative potency and pharmacodynamic interaction with the parent drug","volume":"243","author":"Vozeh","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199222060-00005","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Quinidine in Male Patients: A Population Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Verme","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0028","first-page":"212","article-title":"The bioavailability and kinetics of dihydroquinidine in patients with heart disease","volume":"20","author":"Regazzi Bonora","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0029","first-page":"725","volume":"76","year":"2019"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.02.077","article-title":"Quinidine, A Life-Saving Medication for Brugada Syndrome, Is Inaccessible in Many Countries","volume":"61","author":"Viskin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.009","article-title":"Inaccessibility to Quinidine Therapy Is About to Get Worse","volume":"62","author":"Viskin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.01.015","volume":"5","author":"Grace","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705199","article-title":"Effects of flecainide and quinidine on Kv4.2 currents: voltage dependence and role of S6 valines","volume":"138","author":"Caballero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20270","article-title":"The effect of drugs with ion channel-blocking activity on the early embryonic rat heart","volume":"89","author":"Abela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01415.x","article-title":"On the relationship between block of the cardiac Na + channel and drug-induced prolongation of the QRS complex: Na V 1.5 margins and QRS prolongation","volume":"164","author":"Harmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr008","article-title":"Structural bases for the different anti-fibrillatory effects of chloroquine and quinidine","volume":"89","author":"Noujaim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"S712","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12902","article-title":"Role of abnormal repolarization in the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmia","volume":"220","author":"Osadchii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.09.008","article-title":"Role of late sodium current in modulating the proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects of quinidine","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11436.x","article-title":"Quinidine blocks cardiac sodium channels during opening and slow inactivation in guinea-pig papillary muscle","volume":"93","author":"Hondeghem","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(74)90391-3","article-title":"The electrophysiological effects of intramuscular quinidine on the atrioventricular conducting system in man","volume":"87","author":"Josephson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H704","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1987.253.3.H704","article-title":"Quinidine-induced inhibition of transient outward current in cardiac muscle","volume":"253","author":"Imaizumi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000064342","article-title":"Effects of Quinine and Quinidine on the Transient Outward and on the L-Type Ca2+ Current in Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes","volume":"65","author":"Michel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.62.5.1055","article-title":"Quinidine delays IK activation in guinea pig ventricular myocytes","volume":"62","author":"Roden","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H660","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01083.2006","article-title":"Frequency-dependent effects of various I Kr blockers on cardiac action potential duration in a human atrial model","volume":"293","author":"Tsujimae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000095596","article-title":"The Effect of High Extracellular Potassium on IKr Inhibition by Anti-Arrhythmic Agents","volume":"108","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.10.6.809","article-title":"Treatment of Angina Pectoris with Cinchona Alkaloids","volume":"10","author":"Riseman","year":"1954","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3181a1b9e7","article-title":"A Novel Mechanism for the Treatment of Angina, Arrhythmias, and Diastolic Dysfunction: Inhibition of Late INa Using Ranolazine","volume":"54","author":"Maier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.47.6.855","article-title":"Anticholinergic effects of disopyramide and quinidine on guinea pig myocardium. Mediation by direct muscarinic receptor blockade","volume":"47","author":"Mirro","year":"1980","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.55.3.376","article-title":"Quinidine is a competitive antagonist at alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors","volume":"55","author":"Motulsky","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801013380107","volume":"338","author":"Grace","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108663","article-title":"The electrophysiologic effects of quinidine in the transplanted human heart","volume":"59","author":"Mason","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.3.790","article-title":"Frequency-dependent effects of quinidine on the ventricular action potential and QRS duration in humans","volume":"81","author":"Nademanee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.64.4.823","article-title":"Effects of quinidine on atrioventricular nodal reentrant paroxysmal tachycardia","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.55.2.185","article-title":"The effects of lidocaine and quinidine on impulse propagation across the canine Purkinje-muscle junction during combined hyperkalemia, hypoxia, and acidosis","volume":"55","author":"Evans","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126714","article-title":"Regional and tissue specific transcript signatures of ion channel genes in the non-diseased human heart","volume":"582","author":"Gaborit","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.07.015","article-title":"Impact of Na+ channel blockers on transmural dispersion of refractoriness and arrhythmic susceptibility in guinea-pig left ventricle","volume":"691","author":"Osadchii","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062178","article-title":"Negative inotropic effect of class-I-antiarrhythmic drugs: Comparison of flecainide with disopyramide and quinidine*","volume":"8","author":"Hoffmeister","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003619","article-title":"Outcome of Apparently Unexplained Cardiac Arrest: Results From Investigation and Follow-Up of the Prospective Cardiac Arrest Survivors With Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry","volume":"9","author":"Herman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.4.809","article-title":"Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: inducibility and beneficial effects of class I antiarrhythmic agents","volume":"75","author":"Belhassen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00183.x","article-title":"Effects of Electrophysiologic-Guided Therapy with Class IA Antiarrhythmic Drugs on the Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation with or without the Brugada Syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Belhassen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2008.02235.x","article-title":"Excellent Long-Term Reproducibility of the Electrophysiologic Efficacy of Quinidine in Patients with Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation and Brugada Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Belhassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.10.007","article-title":"Challenge and Impact of Quinidine Access in Sudden Death Syndromes","volume":"5","author":"Malhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0063","series-title":"Quinidine versus verapamil in short-coupled idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: an open-label, randomized crossover pilot trial [Internet]","author":"Werf","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9307","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07807-8","article-title":"Role of Purkinje conducting system in triggering of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation","volume":"359","author":"Ha\u00efssaguerre","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.03.010","article-title":"Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation","volume":"6","author":"Ha\u00efssaguerre","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.052","article-title":"Multifocal Ectopic Purkinje-Related Premature Contractions","volume":"60","author":"Laurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.300227","article-title":"Unique Cardiac Purkinje Fiber Transient Outward Current \u03b2-Subunit Composition: A Potential Molecular Link to Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation","volume":"112","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064689","article-title":"Asymptomatic Patients With Brugada ECG Pattern: Long-Term Prognosis From a Large Prospective Study","volume":"148","author":"Gaita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.073","article-title":"Long-Term Trends in Newly Diagnosed Brugada Syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Casado-Arroyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.08.010","article-title":"Biventricular Myocardial Fibrosis and Sudden Death in Patients With Brugada Syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Miles","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2001.00268.x","article-title":"The Brugada Syndrome: Ionic Basis and Arrhythmia Mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.15.1660","article-title":"Cellular Basis for the Brugada Syndrome and Other Mechanisms of Arrhythmogenesis Associated With ST-Segment Elevation","volume":"100","author":"Yan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143159.30585.90","article-title":"Efficacy of Quinidine in High-Risk Patients With Brugada Syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Belhassen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.115.003109","article-title":"Management of Brugada Syndrome: Thirty-Three\u2013Year Experience Using Electrophysiologically Guided Therapy With Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs","volume":"8","author":"Belhassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.04.019","article-title":"The QUIDAM study: Hydroquinidine therapy for the management of Brugada syndrome patients at high arrhythmic risk","volume":"14","author":"Andorin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.007143","article-title":"Efficacy and Limitations of Quinidine in Patients With Brugada Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euw235","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euw235","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.12.012","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the development of the electrocardiographic and arrhythmic manifestations of early repolarization syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Koncz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000919","article-title":"Cellular Mechanism Underlying Hypothermia-Induced Ventricular Tachycardia\/Ventricular Fibrillation in the Setting of Early Repolarization and the Protective Effect of Quinidine, Cilostazol, and Milrinone","volume":"7","author":"Gurabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.10.044","article-title":"Characteristics of Recurrent Ventricular Fibrillation Associated With Inferolateral Early Repolarization","volume":"53","author":"Ha\u00efssaguerre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000085071.28695.C4","article-title":"Short QT Syndrome: A Familial Cause of Sudden Death","volume":"108","author":"Gaita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01630-0","article-title":"Loss-of-activity-mutation in the cardiac chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE3 causes short QT syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Thorsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.03.038","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Giustetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.025","article-title":"Hydroquinidine Prevents Life-Threatening Arrhythmic Events in Patients With Short QT Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuac044","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of mortality after an electrical storm in the ICU","volume":"11","author":"Ninni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(90)90972-4","article-title":"Effect of empiric antiarrhythmic therapy in resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims with coronary artery disease","volume":"65","author":"Moosvi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038036","article-title":"Quinidine-Responsive Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"139","author":"Viskin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.03.024","article-title":"Quinidine in the Management of Recurrent Ventricular Arrhythmias","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2023.01.035","article-title":"Perspective on Antiarrhythmic Drug Combinations","volume":"192","author":"Reiffel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0090","first-page":"8","volume":"17","author":"Caron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adverse Effects of Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Drug Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(77)90004-4","article-title":"Adverse reactions to quinidine in hospitalized patients: Findings based on data from the boston collaborative drug surveillance program","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73A","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(86)80032-8","article-title":"Clinical features and basic mechanisms of quinidine-induced arrhythmias","volume":"8","author":"Roden","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90081-4","article-title":"Torsade de pointes due to quinidine: Observations in 31 patients","volume":"107","author":"Bauman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0094","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Bykowski","year":"2023"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-314310","article-title":"Quinine-induced thrombocytopenia: drug-dependent GPIb\/IX antibodies inhibit megakaryocyte and proplatelet production in vitro","volume":"117","author":"Perdomo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0096","first-page":"255","article-title":"[Hepatitis caused by quinidine. Study of a case and review of the literature]","volume":"10","author":"Pariente","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07558.x","article-title":"Drug Reactions XXI.: Cutaneous Reactions to Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"88","author":"Almeyda","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.09.042","article-title":"Influence of Gender on the Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of Quinidine Used for Treatment of Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias","volume":"116","author":"Higgins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(71)90432-2","article-title":"Relation between serum quinidine levels and renal function","volume":"27","author":"Bellet","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784007743","article-title":"Collateral Effects of Antiarrhythmics in Pediatric Age","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200023060-00003","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic Agents: Drug Interactions of Clinical Significance","volume":"23","author":"Trujillo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050173824000616?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050173824000616?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T12:13:11Z","timestamp":1738930391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050173824000616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1050173824000616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-1738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-1738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Quinidine for ventricular arrhythmias: A comprehensive review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2024.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}