{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:16:25Z","timestamp":1789582585581,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:13:46Z","timestamp":1770225226000},"page":"347-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ergi","family":"Duli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souzan","family":"Yacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Langleben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aws","family":"Almufleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s F.","family":"Miranda-Arboleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norberto","family":"Bornancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Baranchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2014-000177","article-title":"Trends in the incidence and prevalence of cardiac pacemaker insertions in an ageing population","volume":"1","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.19102\/icrm.2018.090501","article-title":"Right ventricular septal pacing: A paradigm shift","volume":"9","author":"Worsnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Innov Card Rhythm Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.11.023","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/ASE\/HFSA\/HRS\/SCAI\/SCCT\/SCMR 2025 appropriate use criteria for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and pacing","volume":"85","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12445","article-title":"Post-pacemaker implant QRS duration and heart failure admission in patients with sick sinus syndrome and complete atrioventricular block","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0005","article-title":"Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in leadless and traditional pacemakers: A single-center retrospective analysis","volume":"15","author":"Saeed Al-Asad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15207","article-title":"Ventricular pacing and myocardial function in patient with congenital heart block","volume":"32","author":"Rangavajla","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.048","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing","volume":"71","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7228","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237228","article-title":"Risk of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with high-degree atrioventricular block\u2014Impact of right ventricular lead position confirmed by computed tomography","volume":"11","author":"Fruelund","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43953-7","article-title":"The estimated glomerular filtration rate predicts pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Oida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14752","article-title":"Predictors of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy detection and outcomes demonstration after conduction system pacing upgrade on patients with long-term persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.05.017","article-title":"Incidence and clinical outcomes of pacing induced cardiomyopathy in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function and atrioventricular block","volume":"128","author":"Dor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2019.04.011","article-title":"The impact of paced QRS duration on the expression of genes related to contractile function of the left ventricle in chronically paced patients from the right ventricular apex","volume":"61","author":"Simantirakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13045","article-title":"Longer paced QRS duration is associated with increased prevalence of right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Khurshid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.12.022","article-title":"Permanent his-bundle pacing: long-term lead performance and clinical outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Vijayaraman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2024.12.037","article-title":"Spatial ventricular gradient is associated with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Raad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.05.040","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Khurshid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0017","first-page":"151","article-title":"Fazilet Erturk Sag, Fahrettin Katkat, Esra Erturk Tekin, et al. Predictors of pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy and importance of nutritional status and prognostic nutritional index","volume":"38","author":"Balli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019048","article-title":"Major determinant of the occurrence of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in complete atrioventricular block: a multicentre, retrospective analysis over a 15-year period in South Korea","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur258","article-title":"Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with right ventricular stimulation for >15 years","volume":"14","author":"Dreger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2019.08.016","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of pacemaker induced cardiomyopathy: A single-center experience","volume":"57","author":"Abdin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16229","article-title":"Paced QRS morphology mimicking complete left bundle branch block induced by right ventricular pacing is associated with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"35","author":"Ikeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-019-00602-2","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy with comparison between apical and non-apical right ventricular pacing sites","volume":"56","author":"Bansal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14814","article-title":"Incidence of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in pacemaker-dependent patients is lower with leadless pacemakers compared to transvenous pacemakers","volume":"32","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.09.027","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with complete atrioventricular block and preserved left ventricular systolic function","volume":"13","author":"Kiehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2023.09.006","article-title":"Pacing for atrioventricular block with preserved left ventricular function: on-treatment comparison between his bundle, left bundle branch, and right ventricular pacing","volume":"23","author":"Ponnusamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15029","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in young adult patients (<60 years) with pacemakers","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.124.013070","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of pacing-induced right ventricular cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Boyle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.33963\/v.phj.105105","article-title":"Cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators without cardiac resynchronization capability: impact on cardiac function in a median follow-up of 1-year","volume":"83","author":"Stanek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pol Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12712","article-title":"Risk factors of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy\u2014Insights from lead position","volume":"38","author":"Yoshiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Arrhythmia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16474","article-title":"Mitigation of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy with superficial right ventricular mid-septal pacing: A long-term retrospective comparison with apical pacing","volume":"36","author":"McBride","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2021.07.011","article-title":"Do the predictors of right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy add up?","volume":"73","author":"Perla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-023-01650-5","article-title":"Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with preserved ejection fraction undergoing permanent cardiac pacemaker placement","volume":"67","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000856","article-title":"Prognostic factors of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16648","article-title":"Comparison of clinical outcomes between left bundle branch area pacing with a stylet-driven lead and conventional right ventricular pacing","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0035","first-page":"78","article-title":"Right ventricular pacing-induced effects on left ventricular function according to 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography","volume":"24","author":"Khalil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-019-0386-5","article-title":"Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in chronic right ventricular apical pacing: a midterm follow-up study","volume":"24","author":"Safak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-015-0059-4","article-title":"Efficacy of optimal medical therapy and cardiac resynchronization therapy upgrade in patients with pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"44","author":"Schwerg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2023.12.004","article-title":"Is left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) associated with better depolarization and repolarization kinetics than right ventricular mid septal pacing (RVSP)? - comparison of frontal QRS -T angle in patients with LBBP, RVSP and normal ventricular conduction","volume":"24","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-025-02048-1","article-title":"Incidence of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy: left bundle branch area pacing versus leadless pacing","volume":"68","author":"Chopra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15925","article-title":"Anatomical location of leadless pacemaker and the risk of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"34","author":"Shantha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12120321","article-title":"Mid-term impact of conduction system pacing on overall cardiac performance: A non-randomized, prospective, single-center echocardiographic study","volume":"12","author":"Pestrea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14707","article-title":"Left bundle branch area pacing prevents pacing induced cardiomyopathy in long-term observation","volume":"46","author":"Bednarek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.125.013800","article-title":"Incidence of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy among patients with leadless versus transvenous ventricular pacemakers","volume":"18","author":"Markson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14985","article-title":"Ventricular activation pattern assessment during right ventricular pacing: ultra-high-frequency ECG study","volume":"32","author":"Curila","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu056","article-title":"Left and right ventricular lead positions are imprecisely determined by fluoroscopy in cardiac resynchronization therapy: a comparison with cardiac computed tomography","volume":"16","author":"Sommer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6297","DOI":"10.19102\/icrm.2025.16064","article-title":"Impact of a practice-wide switch from traditional right ventricular pacing to left bundle branch area pacing","volume":"16","author":"Fritz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Innov Card Rhythm Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0047","first-page":"ehaf724","article-title":"Left bundle branch area pacing vs right ventricular pacing in preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction: the PACE-HF trial","author":"Shroff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.06.043","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of conduction system pacing vs right ventricular septal pacing in atrioventricular block","volume":"86","author":"Chow","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs199","article-title":"Paced QRS duration as a predictor for clinical heart failure events during right ventricular apical pacing in patients with idiopathic complete atrioventricular block: results from an observational cohort study (PREDICT-HF)","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by Echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-021-00136-x","article-title":"Predictors of pacing induced left ventricular dysfunction and cardiomyopathy assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography and speckle tracking strain","volume":"73","author":"Dawood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162072","article-title":"One-month global longitudinal strain identifies patients who will develop pacing-induced left ventricular dysfunction over time: the pacing and ventricular dysfunction (PAVD) study","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM26173","article-title":"Post-implant global longitudinal strain as a predictor of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with preserved ejection fraction undergoing pacemaker placement","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14942","article-title":"Pre-implant global longitudinal strain as an early sign of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with complete atrioventricular block","volume":"38","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0055","first-page":"531","article-title":"CCS\/CHFS Heart Failure Guidelines update: defining a new pharmacologic standard of care for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"37","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.01.004","article-title":"The therapeutic benefit of upgrade to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"4","author":"Kerley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2017.58.4.703","article-title":"Comparison of De Novo versus Upgrade Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; focused on the upgrade for pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"58","author":"Gwag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2009.02594.x","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"33","author":"Nazeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14929","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization therapy for pacing induced cardiomyopathy: role of baseline right ventricular pacing burden","volume":"47","author":"Shahab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.01.077","article-title":"Efficacy of CRT upgrade in pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy in an outpatient clinic \u2013 Results of a prospective registry","volume":"377","author":"Christoph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euae179","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae179","article-title":"Benefits of upgrading right ventricular to biventricular pacing in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"Merkely","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.15126","article-title":"Early improvement in cardiac function and dyssynchrony after physiological upgrading in pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"48","author":"Moraleda-Salas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.03.026","article-title":"Outcomes of his-bundle pacing upgrade after long-term right ventricular pacing and\/or pacing-induced cardiomyopathy: insights into disease progression","volume":"16","author":"Vijayaraman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14515","article-title":"Feasibility, safety and outcomes of upgrading to left bundle branch pacing in patients with right ventricular pacing induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"45","author":"Rademakers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14147","article-title":"Efficacy of upgrading to left bundle branch pacing in patients with heart failure after right ventricular pacing","volume":"44","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.674452","article-title":"Feasibility and outcomes of upgrading to left bundle branch pacing in patients with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy and infranodal atrioventricular block","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1355696","article-title":"Conduction system pacing upgrade versus biventricular pacing on pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy: a retrospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Pei-pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.70017","article-title":"Effectiveness of upgrade left bundle branch area pacing for right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy: extra QRS shortening matters","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Arrhythmia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195723","article-title":"The effects of his bundle pacing compared to classic resynchronization therapy in patients with pacing-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Gardas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2025.04.005","article-title":"Left bundle branch area pacing compared with biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction \u226450 %: results from the International Collaborative LBBAP Study (I-CLAS)","volume":"22","author":"Morcos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.15420\/aer.2018.33.2","volume":"7","author":"Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arrhythmia Electrophysiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.993604","article-title":"Transvenous lead extraction in conduction system pacing","volume":"13","author":"Wijesuriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"euaf154","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaf154","article-title":"Left bundle branch pacing in patients with structural heart disease: personalizing cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"27","author":"Joza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1210356","article-title":"Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction","volume":"368","author":"Curtis","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2009.12.008","article-title":"Conventional versus biventricular pacing in heart failure and bradyarrhythmia: the COMBAT study","volume":"16","author":"Filho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.12.056","article-title":"Biventricular versus conventional right ventricular stimulation for patients with standard pacing indication and left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"47","author":"Kindermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-021-01927-7","article-title":"Outcomes of conduction system pacing compared to right ventricular pacing as a primary strategy for treating bradyarrhythmia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Abdin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131230","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of left bundle branch area pacing compared with right ventricular pacing in patients with bradyarrhythmia and conduction system disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"390","author":"Leventopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.976076","article-title":"Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: results from the REPLACE registry","volume":"122","author":"Poole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.09.017","article-title":"Impact of institutional procedural volume on inhospital outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation: US national database 2003\u20132011","volume":"14","author":"Yeo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"}],"container-title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050173826000216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050173826000216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:41:42Z","timestamp":1782992502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050173826000216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1050173826000216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-1738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-1738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pacing-induced cardiomyopathy: A narrative review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2026.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}