{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:40:40Z","timestamp":1792273240365,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD098097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD098097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2038235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2038235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR01 HD098097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR01 HD098097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technology in Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T23:33:34Z","timestamp":1773531214000},"page":"103303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Children's susceptibility to content generated by artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0003-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Langer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2769-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Chein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib1","article-title":"Alexa doesn't have that many feelings: Children's understanding of AI through interactions with smart speakers in their homes","volume":"5","author":"Andries","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib2","series-title":"Use of voice assistants & generative AI by children and families","author":"Bickham","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191112446655","article-title":"Development of abbreviated nine-item forms of the Raven's standard progressive matrices test","volume":"19","author":"Bilker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327647jcd0502_4","article-title":"Preschoolers' magical explanations for violations of physical, social, and mental laws","volume":"5","author":"Browne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.70022","article-title":"Young children's understanding of artificial intelligence: A draw\u2010a\u2010picture analysis","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2026","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76218-y","article-title":"Human intelligence can safeguard against artificial intelligence: Individual differences in the discernment of human from AI texts","volume":"14","author":"Chein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3745031","article-title":"\u201cWon't somebody please (actually) think of the children?\u201d AI ethics for children: A scoping review","volume":"2","author":"Collyer-Hoar","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Journal on Responsible Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2012.689391","article-title":"Children show selective trust in technological informants","volume":"14","author":"Danovitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12763","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i11.26501","article-title":"Real or fake text?: Investigating human ability to detect boundaries between human-written and machine-generated text","volume":"37","author":"Dugan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib10","series-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001524","article-title":"The minds of machines: Children's beliefs about the experiences, thoughts, and morals of familiar interactive technologies","volume":"59","author":"Flanagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107502","article-title":"Does human\u2013AI collaboration lead to more creative art? Aesthetic evaluation of human-made and AI-generated haiku poetry","volume":"139","author":"Hitsuwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70007","article-title":"Primary school students' perceptions of artificial intelligence: Metaphor and drawing analysis","volume":"60","author":"Kalemku\u015f","year":"2025","journal-title":"European Journal of Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2024.2367052","article-title":"\u2018No, Alexa, no!\u2019: designing child-safe AI and protecting children from the risks of the \u2018empathy gap\u2019in large language models","volume":"50","author":"Kurian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learning, Media and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib15","article-title":"AI vs. Human--differentiation analysis of scientific content generation","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10416"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib16","series-title":"The common sense census: Media use by kids zero to eight, 2025","author":"Mann","year":"2025"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976231207095","article-title":"AI hyperrealism: Why AI faces are perceived as more real than human ones","volume":"34","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120481119","article-title":"AI-synthesized faces are indistinguishable from real faces and more trustworthy","volume":"119","author":"Nightingale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib19","series-title":"Proceedings of the 24th interaction design and children","first-page":"545","article-title":"Hey curio, can you tell me more?\": Children's Iinformation-seking and Ttust in AI","author":"Oh","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib20","series-title":"Coloured progressive matrices","author":"Raven","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2014.989445","article-title":"Kids see human too: Adapting an individual differences measure of anthropomorphism for a child sample","volume":"17","author":"Severson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib22","series-title":"2021 16th IEEE international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition (FG 2021)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of the human perception of synthetic faces","author":"Shen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101753","article-title":"Children's susceptibility to online misinformation","volume":"55","author":"Shtulman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1134","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13415","article-title":"How children learn from others: An analysis of selective word learning","volume":"91","author":"Sobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040547","article-title":"Decision processes in perception","volume":"68","author":"Swets","year":"1961","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105441","article-title":"On the realness of people who do not exist: The social processing of artificial faces","volume":"25","author":"Tucciarelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1414","article-title":"Prediction of the development of reading comprehension: A longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2008","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2019.05.006","article-title":"Who do I believe? children's epistemic trust in internet, teacher, and peer informants","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib29","article-title":"What makes children perceive or not perceive minds in generative AI?","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303_bib30","article-title":"Understanding generative AI risks for youth: A taxonomy based on empirical data","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.16383"}],"container-title":["Technology in Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160791X26000928?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0160791X26000928?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T10:56:35Z","timestamp":1778669795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0160791X26000928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0160791X26000928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-791X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-791X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Children's susceptibility to content generated by artificial intelligence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Technology in Society","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techsoc.2026.103303","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103303"}}