{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:56:49Z","timestamp":1775073409938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Electricity Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T13:51:56Z","timestamp":1638798716000},"page":"107059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Energy innovations through blockchain: Challenges, opportunities, and the road ahead"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Moein","family":"Choobineh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Khodaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksi","family":"Paaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.06.018","article-title":"Blockchain for smart communities: applications, challenges and opportunities","volume":"144","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2016.2577899","article-title":"The utility and grid of the future: challenges, needs, and trends","volume":"vol. 14","author":"Aguero","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.10.014","article-title":"Blockchain Technology in the Energy Sector: A Systematic Review of Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"100","author":"Andoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib4","unstructured":"A. Baliga. \u201cUnderstanding blockchain consensus models,\u201d Persistent Systems Ltd. Tech. Report, 2017, [Online]. Available: \u3008https:\/\/www.persistent.com\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2017\/04\/WPUnderstandingBlockchain-Consensus-Models.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentov, I., Lee, C., Mizrahi, A., Rosenfeld, M, 2014. \"Proof of activity: extending Bitcoin\u2019s proof of work via proof of stake\" in Proc. 9th Workshop Econ. Netw. Syst. Comput., pp. 34\u201337.","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695545"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib6","unstructured":"Winter Green Research, 2018, \"Blockchain: Market Shares, Market Strategies, and Market Forecasts, 2018 to 2024,\" [Online]. Available: \u3008https:\/\/www.giiresearch.com\/report\/wg602324-blockchain-market-shares-strategies-forecasts.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib7","unstructured":"Bano, S., Sonnino, A., et al., Sok: Consensus in the Age of Blockchains, arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.03936, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhang, K., \u201cExtending Blockchain Functionality with Statechain,\u201d IEEE International Conf. Parallel and Distributed Systems, Shenzhen, China, 2018.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS.2017.00041"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.E.Y. Christian et al., Total Eclipse: How to Completely Isolate a Bitcoin Peer IEEE International Conf. Security of Smart Cities, Industrial Control System and Communications, Shanghai, China, 2018.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSIC.2018.8556790"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib10","unstructured":"Cointelegraph, 2021 [Online]. \u3008Available: https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/venture-capitalists-invest-over-16b-in-blockchain-equity-since-2012\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib11","unstructured":"Cooper A.\u00a0et al. \u201cElectric company smart meter deployments: foundation for a smart grid,\u201d ation 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Croman, et al. \u201cOn Scaling Decentralized Blockchains,\u201d in Proc. 3rd Workshop Bitcoin Blockchain Res., pp. 106\u2013125, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib13","series-title":"Personal Archive Service System using Blockchain Technology: Case Study, Promising and Challenging","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2806357","article-title":"A technical approach to the energy blockchain in microgrids","volume":"vol. 14","author":"Di Silvestre","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2019.06.006","article-title":"Privacy protection for blockchains with account and multi-asset model","volume":"vol. 16","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227","article-title":"Untangling blockchain: a data processing view of blockchain systems","volume":"vol. 30","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl.Data Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Eyal et al. \u201cMajority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable,\u201d Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Berlin, 2014.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib18","article-title":"Can blockchain revolutionize internaional trade?","author":"Ganne","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Trade Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27205","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2827203","article-title":"A secure cryptocurrency scheme based on post-quantum blockchain","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135812","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926441","article-title":"A survey of security in scada networks: current issues and future challenges","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib21","series-title":"The Recardian Contract","author":"Grigg","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib22","article-title":"All watched over by machines of loving grace: a critical look at smart contracts","volume":"35","author":"Guadamuz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Law and Secur. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2900401","article-title":"Local electricity storage for blockchain-based energy trading in industrial internet of things","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib24","series-title":"Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies","article-title":"Cryptocurrencies and blockchain: legal context and implications for financial crime, money laundering and tax evasion","author":"Houben","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2901011","article-title":"Building redactable consortium blockchain for industrial internet-of-things","volume":"vol. 15","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2018.03.003","article-title":"Chapter seven: security and privacy of blockchain and quantum computation","volume":"111","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib27","series-title":"Towards A Novel Architecture for Enabling Interoperability Amongst Multiple Blockchains","author":"Jin","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib28","unstructured":"Krishnan A. Vitalik on ethereum: \u201cright now it can process 15 transactions per second Really, We Need 100,000\u2033 Invest in Blockchain 2019.([Online]. Available)\u3008https:\/\/www.investinblockchain.com\/vitalik-ethereum-needs-100k-transactions-per-second\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib29","unstructured":"Lee S. Bitcoin\u2019s energy consumption can power an entire country- but eos trying to fix that Forbes 2018.([Online]. Available:)\u3008https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/shermanlee\/2018\/04\/19\/bitcoins-energy-consumption-can-power-an-entire-country-but-eos-is-trying-to-fix-that\/#5c29a4311bc8\u3009."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib30","first-page":"653","article-title":"A survey of blockchain security issues and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7747","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2888697","article-title":"The challenges of existence, status, and value for improving blockchain","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20632","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2809426","article-title":"An ID-based linearly homomorphic signature scheme and its application in blockchain","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47615","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909924","article-title":"A survey on blockchain: a game theoretical perspective","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib34","article-title":"Applying blockchain technology to electric power systems","author":"Livingston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Counc. Foreign Relat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.12.074","article-title":"Experimental bandwidth benchmarking for p2p markets in blockchain managed microgrids","volume":"159","author":"Meeuw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Proced."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib36","unstructured":"U. Mukhopadhyay et al., A Brief Survey of Cryptocurrency Systems,\u201d Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, Auckland, New Zealand, 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86746","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920682","article-title":"Blockchain applications in smart grid-review and frameworks","volume":"7","author":"Musleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib38","unstructured":"M. Mylrea, AI Enabled Blockchain Smart Contracts: Cyber Resilient Energy Infrastructure and IoT, AAAI Spring Symposium Series, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib39","article-title":"\u201cElectric vehicles and electricity","volume":"36","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxf. Energy Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib40","unstructured":"CoinMarketCap, 2021, Top 100 Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalization, [Online]. Available: \u3008https:\/\/coinmarketcap.com\u3009\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib41","unstructured":"K. Qin et al., 2018, \"An Overview of Blockchain Scalability, interoperability and sustainability EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum.\" [Online]. Available: \u3008https:\/\/www.eublockchainforum.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/research-paper\/an_overview_of_blockchain_scalability_interoperability_and_sustainability.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib42","series-title":"Blockchain as a Service (BaaS): Providers and Trust","author":"Singh","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib43","unstructured":"NRGcoin, 2021. Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Enervalis, [Online]. Available: \u3008https:\/\/nrgcoin.org\u3009\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib44","series-title":"Secure Power Scheduling Auction for Smart Grids Using Homomorphic Encryption","author":"Shajaiah","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib45","article-title":"10 blockchain and new age security attacks you should know","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aruba"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib46","article-title":"Tools for the investigation of transactions in underground markets","author":"TITANIUM","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Union\u2019s Horiz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib47","article-title":"NISIR 8202: blockchain technology overview","author":"Yaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib48","first-page":"80","article-title":"The blockchain: state-of-the-art and research challenges","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2894727","article-title":"Integrated Blockchain and Edge Computing Systems: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib50","series-title":"An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends","author":"Zheng","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134422","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2941905","article-title":"NutBaaS: a blockchain-as-a-service platform,","volume":"vol. 7","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["The Electricity Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040619021001500?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1040619021001500?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T19:22:55Z","timestamp":1760901775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1040619021001500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1040619021001500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1040-6190"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1040-6190","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Energy innovations through blockchain: Challenges, opportunities, and the road ahead","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Electricity Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tej.2021.107059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107059"}}