{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:36:38Z","timestamp":1790894198525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T18:28:30Z","timestamp":1099592910000},"page":"479-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":256,"title":["Animal models of preterm birth"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michal A.","family":"Elovitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conjeevaram","family":"Mrinalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120204","article-title":"The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity","volume":"312","author":"McCormick","year":"1985","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311253292210","article-title":"Outcomes of extremely immature infants \u2013 a perinatal dilemma","volume":"329","author":"Hack","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(99)00329-4","article-title":"Tocolytics for preterm labor: a systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Gyetvai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib5","first-page":"CD001058","article-title":"Antibiotics for preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"2","author":"Kenyon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.41","article-title":"Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study","volume":"188","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035140","article-title":"Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 \u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone caproate","volume":"348","author":"Meis","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 20","key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.00023.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of labour \u2013 biochemical aspects","volume":"110","author":"Lopez Bernal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.010","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for parturition; the use of experimental models","volume":"82\u201383","author":"Jenkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1210\/er.21.5.514","article-title":"Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm","volume":"21","author":"Challis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.9.875","article-title":"Interactions between progesterone receptor isoforms in myometrial cells in human labour","volume":"7","author":"Pieber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.6.2924","article-title":"Progesterone withdrawal and estrogen activation in human parturition are coordinated by progesterone receptor A expression in the myometrium","volume":"87","author":"Mesiano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(02)00144-2","article-title":"Progesterone receptor localization and isoforms in myometrium, decidua, and fetal membranes from rhesus macaques: evidence for functional progesterone withdrawal at parturition","volume":"9","author":"Haluska","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9518","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633616100","article-title":"A decline in the levels of progesterone receptor coactivators in the pregnant uterus at term may antagonize progesterone receptor function and contribute to the initiation of parturition","volume":"100","author":"Condon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.693","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate, but not progesterone, protects against inflammation-induced parturition and intrauterine fetal demise","volume":"190","author":"Elovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.4.1337","article-title":"Intrauterine bacterial inoculation induces labor in the mouse by mechanisms other than progesterone withdrawal","volume":"67","author":"Hirsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0040073","article-title":"What knockout mice can tell us about parturition","volume":"4","author":"Kimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(99)00075-1","article-title":"Gene knockout mice in the study of parturition","volume":"7","author":"Gross","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(03)00138-2","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is neither necessary nor sufficient for preterm labor in a murine infection model","volume":"10","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1415","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.278.6.R1415","article-title":"Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 prevents inflammation-mediated preterm labor in the mouse","volume":"278","author":"Gross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.5.1231","article-title":"Utilization of endoscopic inoculation in a mouse model of intrauterine infection-induced preterm birth: role of interleukin 1\u03b2","volume":"60","author":"Reznikov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.10008","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and prematurity","volume":"8","author":"Goncalves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117680","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"185","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.109035","article-title":"The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis","volume":"183","author":"Yoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(00)00280-0","article-title":"Subclinical chorioamnionitis as an etiologic factor in preterm deliveries","volume":"72","author":"Ustun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(99)00013-1","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in a murine model of infection-induced preterm labor: cause or effect?","volume":"6","author":"Mussalli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.108083","article-title":"Effect of lipopolysaccharide on uterine contractions and prostaglandin production in pregnant rats","volume":"184","author":"Okawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib28","first-page":"514","article-title":"Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm","volume":"21","author":"Challis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod48.1.33","article-title":"A murine model of preterm labor: inflammatory mediators regulate the production of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6 by murine decidua","volume":"48","author":"Dudley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10281","article-title":"Expression of adhesion molecules in the lower uterine segment during term and preterm parturition","volume":"60","author":"Winkler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5576(96)00060-3","article-title":"Treatment with the interleukin-I receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor Fc fusion protein does not prevent endotoxin-induced preterm parturition in mice","volume":"4","author":"Fidel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00018-0","article-title":"Effects of erythromycin on pregnancy duration and birth weight in lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm labor in pregnant rats","volume":"103","author":"Celik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70460-X","article-title":"Repeated administration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide induces preterm delivery in mice: a model for human preterm parturition and for assessment of the therapeutic ability of drugs against preterm delivery","volume":"174","author":"Kaga","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.485","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors with different isoform selectivity in lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm birth in mice","volume":"189","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.112","article-title":"Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against fetal death and preterm labor induced by maternal inflammation","volume":"188","author":"Buhimschi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.4.2272-2279.2004","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth","volume":"72","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(98)00015-X","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid induces preterm delivery in mice","volume":"39","author":"Kajikawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90418-9","article-title":"An experimental model for intraamniotic infection and preterm labor in rhesus monkeys","volume":"171","author":"Gravett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70203-X","article-title":"Fetal and maternal endocrine responses to experimental intrauterine infection in rhesus monkeys","volume":"174","author":"Gravett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709047780","article-title":"Ability of intrauterine bacterial lipopolysaccharide to cause in situ uterine contractions in pregnant rabbits","volume":"76","author":"Katsuki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.700","article-title":"Experimental intrauterine infection with Prevotella bivia in New Zealand white rabbits","volume":"190","author":"Gibbs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib42","first-page":"789","article-title":"The role of prostaglandin in endotoxin-induced abortion and fetal death","volume":"9","author":"Harper","year":"1973","journal-title":"Adv. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106848","article-title":"Intrauterine endotoxin infusion in rat pregnancy induces preterm delivery and increases placental prostaglandin F2\u03b1 metabolite levels","volume":"182","author":"Bennett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90450-6","article-title":"Systemic administration of interleukin-1 induces preterm parturition in mice","volume":"165","author":"Romero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod50.6.1297","article-title":"Effect of Salmonella endotoxin administered to the pregnant sheep at 133\u2013142 days gestation on fetal oxygenation, maternal and fetal adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol, and maternal plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations","volume":"50","author":"Schlafer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117680","article-title":"Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"185","author":"Yoon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70093-0","article-title":"The use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect bacteria in amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated by preterm labor","volume":"177","author":"Markenson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1086\/368205","article-title":"Detection of ureaplasma urealyticum in second-trimester amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction correlates with subsequent preterm labor and delivery","volume":"187","author":"Gerber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2003.016","article-title":"Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity at birth is associated with adverse short-term outcome of preterm infants","volume":"31","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-36-2-117","article-title":"Congenital bacterial sepsis in very preterm infants","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63567-5","article-title":"A new model for inflammation-induced preterm birth: the role of platelet-activating factor and Toll-like receptor-4","volume":"163","author":"Elovitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01424-7","article-title":"Interleukin-10 administration and bacterial endotoxin-induced preterm birth in a rat model","volume":"98","author":"Terrone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02581.x","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intra-uterine fetal death (IUFD) in mice is principally due to maternal cause but not fetal sensitivity to LPS","volume":"44","author":"Kohmura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2000.018","article-title":"Maternal serum interleukin 6 levels in preterm labor: prediction of admission-to-delivery interval","volume":"28","author":"Turhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00380-0","article-title":"Maternal blood C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and temperature in preterm labor: a comparison with amniotic fluid white blood cell count","volume":"87","author":"Yoon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.009688","article-title":"Fetal responses to maternal and intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide administration in sheep","volume":"68","author":"Grigsby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L452","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00407.2001","article-title":"Injury, inflammation, and remodeling in fetal sheep lung after intra-amniotic endotoxin","volume":"283","author":"Kramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib58","first-page":"139","article-title":"Preterm birth in lambs: sleep patterns and cardio-respiratory changes","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.5.313.321","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and human parturition","volume":"12","author":"Espinoza","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114583","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin 6 in preterm labor. Association with infection","volume":"85","author":"Romero","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08088.x","article-title":"Amniotic fluid concentrations of interleukin-1\u03b2, interleukin-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in chorioamnionitis before 32 weeks of gestation: histological associations and neonatal outcome","volume":"106","author":"Baud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.113908","article-title":"Amniotic fluid lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14 as mediators of the inflammatory response in preterm labor","volume":"184","author":"Gardella","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.5.304.312","article-title":"Evidence of participation of soluble CD14 in the host response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and intra-amniotic inflammation in term and preterm gestations","volume":"12","author":"Espinoza","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199707000-00001","article-title":"Maternal intrauterine infection, cytokines, and brain damage in the preterm newborn","volume":"42","author":"Dammann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200107000-00023","article-title":"Cerebral palsy and chorioamnionitis: the inflammatory cytokine link","volume":"56","author":"Gaudet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1053\/ejpn.2002.0581","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy: implication of proinflammatory cytokines and T lymphocytes","volume":"6","author":"Kadhim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200004000-00004","article-title":"Infection, inflammation and the risk of cerebral palsy","volume":"13","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200001000-00013","article-title":"Cytokine induction in fetal rat brains and brain injury in neonatal rats after maternal lipopolysaccharide administration","volume":"47","author":"Cai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01474.x","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin sensitizes the immature brain to hypoxic\u2013ischaemic injury","volume":"13","author":"Eklind","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib70","first-page":"304A","article-title":"Intrauterine inflammation promotes the activation of inflammatory cells and up-regulates TLR-2 and TLR-4 in fetal brains","volume":"11","author":"Elovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.683","article-title":"Localized intrauterine inflammation elicits a brain-specific TH1\/TH2 response and results in neuronal damage","volume":"189","author":"Elovitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib72","first-page":"186A","article-title":"Remote intrauterine inflammation provokes a selective fetal CNS cytokine response and neuronal apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Elovitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gyn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.10.026","article-title":"Maternal infection-induced white matter injury is reduced by treatment with interleukin-10","volume":"189","author":"Rodts-Palenik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.5.992","article-title":"Induction of preterm birth in mice by RU486","volume":"55","author":"Dudley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80315-0","article-title":"Effects of the antiprogesterone RU 486 on preterm birth in the rat","volume":"157","author":"Garfield","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106584","article-title":"Inhibition of premature labor in sheep by a combined treatment of nimesulide, a prostaglandin synthase type 2 inhibitor, and atosiban, an oxytocin receptor antagonist","volume":"183","author":"Grigsby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumarasamy, V. et al. Effects of periconceptional undernutrition on the initiation of parturition in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. (in press)","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00357.2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108888","article-title":"Histologic inflammation in the maternal and fetal compartments in a rabbit model of acute intra-amniotic infection","volume":"183","author":"Davies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104327600400253X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104327600400253X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:16:15Z","timestamp":1705277775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S104327600400253X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S104327600400253X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2004.10.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-2760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-2760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}