{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:54:33Z","timestamp":1791536073822,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,29]],"date-time":"2006-11-29T17:25:15Z","timestamp":1164821115000},"page":"391-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The human fetal adrenal cortex and the window of sexual differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Neil A.","family":"Hanley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Arlt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25091","article-title":"In humans, early cortisol biosynthesis provides a mechanism to safeguard female sexual development","volume":"116","author":"Goto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00307-X","article-title":"SRY, SOX9, and DAX1 expression patterns during human sex determination and gonadal development","volume":"91","author":"Hanley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/ann.34.3.171.178","article-title":"Genes essential for early events in gonadal development","volume":"34","author":"Parker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0255","article-title":"Evaluating human embryonic germ cells: concord and conflict as pluripotent stem cells","volume":"24","author":"Turnpenny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.09.012","article-title":"AMH signaling: from receptor to target gene","volume":"211","author":"Visser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.09.005","article-title":"Components of the anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway in gonads","volume":"211","author":"di Clemente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi014","article-title":"AMH and AMH receptor defects in persistent Mullerian duct syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Josso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2004.08.005","article-title":"Fetal hormones and sexual differentiation","volume":"31","author":"Sobel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00368-4","article-title":"Androgens and male physiology the syndrome of 5\u03b1-reductase-2 deficiency","volume":"198","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib10","series-title":"Williams Textbook of Endocrinology","article-title":"Disorders of sex differentiation","author":"Grumbach","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1210\/er.23.2.141","article-title":"The lutropin\/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective","volume":"23","author":"Ascoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1210\/rp.57.1.19","article-title":"Steroidogenic factor 1: an essential mediator of endocrine development","volume":"57","author":"Parker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.09.004","article-title":"The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone","volume":"15","author":"Auchus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.09.008","article-title":"Unsolved problems in male physiology: studies in a marsupial","volume":"211","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00525-2","article-title":"The marsupial model for male phenotypic development","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-1-113","article-title":"Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo","volume":"38","author":"Siiteri","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00362-3","article-title":"Androgen physiology: unsolved problems at the millennium","volume":"198","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.12.4677","article-title":"Estrogen: consequences and implications of human mutations in synthesis and action","volume":"84","author":"Grumbach","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67247-3","article-title":"Uroplakin and androgen receptor expression in the human fetal genital tract: insights into the development of the vagina","volume":"164","author":"Shapiro","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.098319","article-title":"Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders","volume":"91","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1210\/er.21.3.245","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency","volume":"21","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021561","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"349","author":"Speiser","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(98)00067-8","article-title":"Prenatal treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"9","author":"Forest","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5651","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.12.5651","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in 532 pregnancies","volume":"86","author":"New","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.4.1805","article-title":"Female pseudohermaphroditism caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation of the GR gene","volume":"87","author":"Mendonca","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1210\/me.15.1.57","article-title":"Expression profiles of SF-1, DAX1, and CYP17 in the human fetal adrenal gland: potential interactions in gene regulation","volume":"15","author":"Hanley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1210\/er.18.3.378","article-title":"Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Mesiano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.05.010","article-title":"Fetal adrenal development: insight gained from adrenal tumors","volume":"16","author":"Coulter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)37578-1","article-title":"Developmental expression of bovine adrenocortical steroid hydroxylases. Regulation of P-450(17 alpha) expression leads to episodic fetal cortisol production","volume":"263","author":"Lund","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00609-4","article-title":"Dissecting human adrenal androgen production","volume":"13","author":"Rainey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(00)00445-7","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of corticosteroidogenic enzymes immunoreactivity in developing human adrenal","volume":"174","author":"Narasaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37622","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405431200","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor NGFIB regulates transcription of 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Implications for the control of adrenal functional zonation","volume":"279","author":"Bassett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0257","article-title":"GATA factors and the nuclear receptors, steroidogenic factor 1\/liver receptor homolog 1, are key mutual partners in the regulation of the human 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 promoter","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0050","article-title":"Molecular biology of the 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase\/delta5-delta4 isomerase gene family","volume":"26","author":"Simard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1210\/en.143.8.3136","article-title":"Differential expression of GATA-4 and GATA-6 in fetal and adult mouse and human adrenal tissue","volume":"143","author":"Kiiveri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890410033892","article-title":"Prolactin and the prolactin receptor: new targets of an old hormone","volume":"36","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119239","article-title":"Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus in early gestation. Implications for tissue differentiation and development","volume":"99","author":"Freemark","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.3.1254","article-title":"A role for epidermal growth factor in the morphological and functional maturation of the adrenal gland in the fetal rhesus monkey in vivo","volume":"81","author":"Coulter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0277","article-title":"Adrenocorticotropic hormone directly stimulates testosterone production by the fetal and neonatal mouse testis","volume":"144","author":"O'Shaughnessy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030143","article-title":"The 17,20-lyase activity of cytochrome p450c17 from human fetal testis favors the delta5 steroidogenic pathway","volume":"88","author":"Fluck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16503-3","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutant P450 oxidoreductase and human androgen synthesis: analytical study","volume":"363","author":"Arlt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-6-r37","article-title":"Differential gene-expression patterns in genital fibroblasts of normal males and 46,XY females with androgen insensitivity syndrome: evidence for early programming involving the androgen receptor","volume":"4","author":"Holterhus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1810011","article-title":"Beta cell differentiation during early human pancreas development","volume":"181","author":"Piper","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000091513","article-title":"Nutrition, glucocorticoids and pancreas development","volume":"65","author":"Breant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00633-5","article-title":"Glucocorticoid programming of the fetus; adult phenotypes and molecular mechanisms","volume":"185","author":"Seckl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28296","article-title":"Ontogeny of adrenal steroid biosynthesis: why girls will be girls","volume":"116","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68624-7","article-title":"Dexamethasone treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in utero: an experimental therapy of unproven safety","volume":"162","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.13.1077","article-title":"How safe is long-term prenatal glucocorticoid treatment?","volume":"277","author":"Seckl","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA."}],"container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043276006001809?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043276006001809?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T04:05:09Z","timestamp":1628136309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043276006001809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1043276006001809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2006.10.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-2760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-2760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}}}