{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:22:42Z","timestamp":1790360562967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,23]],"date-time":"2008-04-23T05:55:01Z","timestamp":1208930101000},"page":"167-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Endometrial structural and inflammatory changes with exogenous progestogens"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Hickey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois A.","family":"Salamonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib1","series-title":"Encylopedia of Hormones","first-page":"504","article-title":"Endometrial remodelling","author":"Salamonsen","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-S1-S6","article-title":"A critical period of progesterone withdrawal precedes menstruation in macaques","volume":"4","author":"Slayden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-S1-S4","article-title":"Application of functional genomics to primate endometrium: insights into biological processes","volume":"4","author":"Giudice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam021","article-title":"Mifepristone induced progesterone withdrawal reveals novel regulatory pathways in human endometrium","volume":"13","author":"Catalano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(96)02569-9","article-title":"Hemostasis in menstrual endometrium","volume":"70","author":"Christiaens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.1.107","article-title":"Effects of thrombin on steroid-modulated cultured endometrial stromal cell fibrinolytic potential","volume":"81","author":"Lockwood","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.1999.03012.x","article-title":"Endometrial endothelin: regulator of uterine bleeding and endometrial repair","volume":"26","author":"Salamonsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37848.x","article-title":"Microarchitecture of the human endometrium by scanning electron microscopy: menstrual desquamation and remodeling","volume":"622","author":"Ludwig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200102000-00014","article-title":"Mechanisms and modulation of intestinal epithelial repair","volume":"7","author":"Dignass","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0358-2","article-title":"Neutrophil depletion retards endometrial repair in a mouse model","volume":"328","author":"Kaitu\u2019u-Lino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib11","series-title":"The Endometrium: Molecular, Cellular and Clinical Perspectives","first-page":"25","article-title":"The menstrual and estrous cycles","author":"Salamonsen","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110542","article-title":"Stem cells and their niches","volume":"311","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20376","article-title":"(Re)defining stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Shostak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131525","article-title":"Stem cell niche: structure and function","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml045","article-title":"Uterine stem cells: what is the evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Gargett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.suppl_3.1","article-title":"A functional model for progestogen-induced breakthrough bleeding","volume":"15","author":"Hickey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.7.1509","article-title":"Superficial endometrial vascular fragility in Norplant users and in women with ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding","volume":"15","author":"Hickey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-198609000-00005","article-title":"Endometrial morphology during long-term use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices","volume":"5","author":"Silverberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135750","article-title":"Immunolocalization of endothelin and neutral endopeptidase in the endometrium of users of subdermally implanted levonorgestrel (Norplant)","volume":"10","author":"Marsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.3.807","article-title":"Endometrial breakdown in women using Norplant is associated with migratory cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B)","volume":"14","author":"Vincent","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.5.1210","article-title":"Progestin receptor isoforms and prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the endometrium of women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system","volume":"13","author":"Critchley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137904","article-title":"Immunohistochemical sex steroid receptor distribution in endometrium from long-term subdermal levonorgestrel users and during the normal menstrual cycle","volume":"8","author":"Critchley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.12.3080","article-title":"The effect of etonogestrel on VEGF, oestrogen and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity and endothelial cell number in human endometrium","volume":"14","author":"Macpherson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh123","article-title":"Endometrial progesterone and estrogen receptors and bleeding disturbances in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users","volume":"19","author":"Sereepapong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1937.17.1.28","article-title":"Menstruation","volume":"17","author":"Bartelmez","year":"1937","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib26","first-page":"219","article-title":"Menstruation in intraocular endometrial transplants in the rhesus monkey","volume":"28","author":"Markee","year":"1940","journal-title":"Contrib. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(86)80016-6","article-title":"A morphometric study of the effect of oral norethisterone or levonorgestrel on endometrial blood vessels","volume":"34","author":"Hourihan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(91)90075-Q","article-title":"Endometrial vascular features prior to and following exposure to levonorgestrel","volume":"43","author":"Hourihan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(90)90049-2","article-title":"Effects on the endometrium, endo- and exocervix following the use of local progestogen-releasing delivery systems","volume":"42","author":"Johannisson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136040","article-title":"The effect of high-dose medium- and long- term progestogen exposure on endometrial vessels","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2007.01.015","article-title":"Endometrial effects of intrauterine levonorgestrel","volume":"75","author":"Guttinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/11.suppl_2.35","article-title":"Endometrial vasculature in Norplant users: preliminary results from a hysteroscopic study","volume":"11","author":"Hickey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.11.3190","article-title":"Precise measurements of intrauterine vascular structures at hysteroscopy in menorrhagia and during Norplant use","volume":"13","author":"Hickey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.suppl_3.144","article-title":"The role of tissue factor in regulating endometrial haemostasis: implications for progestin-only contraception","volume":"15","author":"Lockwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3853","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.10.3853","article-title":"Effects of norplant on endometrial tissue factor expression and blood vessel structure","volume":"85","author":"Runic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem238","article-title":"Endometrial vessel maturation in women exposed to levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for a short or prolonged period of time","volume":"22","author":"Stephanie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(99)00012-8","article-title":"A longitudinal study of changes in endometrial microvascular density in Norplant implant users","volume":"59","author":"Hickey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.suppl_3.78","article-title":"Perivascular smooth muscle alpha-actin is reduced in the endometrium of women with progestin-only contraceptive breakthrough bleeding","volume":"15","author":"Rogers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006516412147","article-title":"Modulation of uterine artery resistance to blood flow by the oral contraceptive pill","volume":"13","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Contracept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90229-8","article-title":"Endometrial blood flow measured by xenon 133 clearance in women with normal menstrual cycles and dysfunctional uterine bleeding","volume":"156","author":"Fraser","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.5.1086","article-title":"The measurement of endometrial perfusion in norplant users: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Hickey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0724","article-title":"Long-term progestin-only contraceptives result in reduced endometrial blood flow and oxidative stress","volume":"91","author":"Hickey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib43","first-page":"L1057","article-title":"Endothelial permeability and IL-6 production during hypoxia: role of ROS in signal transduction","volume":"277","author":"Ali","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.6.2245","article-title":"Hypoxia and cAMP stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human endometrial stromal cells: potential relevance to menstruation and endometrial regeneration","volume":"84","author":"Popovici","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.1.402","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human endometrium is regulated by hypoxia","volume":"85","author":"Sharkey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3277","article-title":"Expression of angiopoietin-2 by human endometrial endothelial cells: regulation by hypoxia and inflammation","volume":"275","author":"Krikun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5322.55","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis","volume":"277","author":"Maisonpierre","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.136.10.1201","article-title":"Antioxidants in critical illness","volume":"136","author":"Bulger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib49","first-page":"783","article-title":"New developments in the treatment of ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"2","author":"Ondiveeran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64258-7","article-title":"Abnormal uterine bleeding during progestin-only contraception may result from free radical-induced alterations in angiopoietin expression","volume":"161","author":"Krikun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh810","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in human endometrium from women experiencing abnormal bleeding patterns after prolonged use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system","volume":"20","author":"Moller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg329","article-title":"The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on angiogenic growth factors in the endometrium","volume":"18","author":"Roopa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib53","first-page":"167","article-title":"Angiogenic factors and the endometrium following long term progestin only contraception","volume":"19","author":"Lockwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei140","article-title":"Chemokine expression is dysregulated in the endometrium of women using progestin-only contraceptives and correlates to elevated recruitment of distinct leukocyte populations","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei476","article-title":"Endometrial chemokines, uterine natural killer cells and mast cells in long-term users of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system","volume":"21","author":"Peloggia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.08.082","article-title":"Doxycycline alters the expression of matrix metalloproteases in the endometrial cells exposed to ovarian steroids and pro-inflammatory cytokine","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e328133885f","article-title":"Role of chemokines in the endometrium and in embryo implantation","volume":"19","author":"Hannan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb37850.x","article-title":"Leukocytes and resident blood cells in endometrium","volume":"622","author":"Bulmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019474","article-title":"Effects of high dose progestogens on white cells and necrosis in human endometrium","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019416","article-title":"Endometrial lymphomyeloid cells in abnormal uterine bleeding due to levonorgestrel (Norplant)","volume":"11","author":"Clark","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.suppl_3.135","article-title":"The role of matrix metalloproteinases and leukocytes in abnormal uterine bleeding associated with progestin-only contraceptives","volume":"15","author":"Vincent","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.01171","article-title":"The long-term actions of etonogestrel and levonorgestrel on decidualized and non-decidualized endometrium in a mouse model mimic some effects of progestogen-only contraceptives in women","volume":"133","author":"Morison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.123","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3 and mast cells are present in the endometrium of women using progestin-only contraceptives","volume":"15","author":"Vincent","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00011-6","article-title":"Leukocyte networks and human endometrial remodelling","volume":"57","author":"Salamonsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.5.2346","article-title":"In vivo evidence for active matrix metalloproteinases in human endometrium supports their role in tissue breakdown at menstruation","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.3.793","article-title":"Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrium during the menstrual cycle and following administration of intrauterine levonorgestrel","volume":"14","author":"Skinner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63277-4","article-title":"Focal expression and final activity of matrix metalloproteinases may explain irregular dysfunctional endometrial bleeding","volume":"165","author":"Galant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh348","article-title":"Correlation between endometrial histology, microvascular density and calibre, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and bleeding pattern in women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system","volume":"19","author":"Oliveira-Ribeiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.12.4827","article-title":"Temporal and spatial association of matrix metalloproteinases with focal endometrial breakdown and bleeding upon progestin-only contraception","volume":"85","author":"Galant","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib70","unstructured":"Abdel-Aleem, H. et al. (2007) Treatment of vaginal bleeding irregularities induced by progestin only contraceptives. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (4), CD003449"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/11.suppl_2.24","article-title":"Management of irregular uterine bleeding and spotting associated with Norplant","volume":"11","author":"Archer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(99)00059-1","article-title":"The effect of mefenamic acid on controlling irregular uterine bleeding secondary to Norplant use","volume":"60","author":"Kaewrudee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/11.suppl_2.109","article-title":"Oestrogen treatment for increased bleeding in Norplant users: preliminary results","volume":"11","author":"Witjaksono","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02997-1","article-title":"Administration of an antiprogesterone up-regulates estrogen receptors in the endometrium of women using Norplant: a pilot study","volume":"77","author":"Glasier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.9.1969","article-title":"Once a month administration of mifepristone improves bleeding patterns in women using subdermal contraceptive implants releasing levonorgestrel","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(03)00132-6","article-title":"Mifepristone for the prevention of breakthrough bleeding in new starters of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate","volume":"68","author":"Jain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.02.009","article-title":"Effect of intermittent treatment with mifepristone on bleeding patterns in Norplant implant users","volume":"70","author":"Massai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei273","article-title":"A pilot study to assess the effect of three short-term treatments on frequent and\/or prolonged bleeding compared to placebo in women using Implanon","volume":"21","author":"Weisberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.042473","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in endometrial breakdown and repair: functional significance in a mouse model","volume":"73","author":"Kaitu\u2019u","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del206","article-title":"Doxycycline alters the expression of inflammatory and immune-related cytokines and chemokines in human endometrial cells: implication in irregular uterine bleeding","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib81","unstructured":"Morison, N.B. et al. (2007) Mifepristone treatment halts Implanon-associated breakthrough bleeding by enhancing endometrial repair. In Proc. 38th Annual Conference of the Society for Reproductive Biology, 72"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69480-4","article-title":"Family planning: the unfinished agenda","volume":"368","author":"Cleland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.09.014","article-title":"Classification and pharmacology of progestins","volume":"46","author":"Schindler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610701582727","article-title":"Transdermal natural progesterone cream for postmenopausal women: inconsistent data and complex pharmacokinetics","volume":"27","author":"Elshafie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250301","article-title":"Tissue injury and repair in the female human reproductive tract","volume":"125","author":"Salamonsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"}],"container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043276008000763?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043276008000763?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T13:08:13Z","timestamp":1557493693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043276008000763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1043276008000763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2008.02.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-2760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-2760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}}}