{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:22:20Z","timestamp":1787066540505,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["694913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["694913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015_A171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015_A171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019_A104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019_A104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013_A182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013_A182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["444776998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["444776998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WI 5359\/2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WI 5359\/2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314061271-TRR 205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314061271-TRR 205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE 752\/31-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE 752\/31-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T09:14:10Z","timestamp":1636017250000},"page":"36-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Pathophysiology and histopathology of primary aldosteronism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-6444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy Ann","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Reincke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0013","article-title":"The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2015","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: changing definitions and new concepts of physiology and pathophysiology both inside and outside the kidney","volume":"96","author":"Stowasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03231","article-title":"Aldosterone dysregulation with aging predicts renal vascular function and cardiovascular risk","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028201","article-title":"Age-related autonomous aldosteronism","volume":"136","author":"Nanba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002510","article-title":"Genetics, prevalence, screening and confirmation of primary aldosteronism: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Mulatero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.052","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice","volume":"69","author":"Monticone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.02.052","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism in patients in China with recently detected hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119755","article-title":"Is primary aldosteronism still largely unrecognized?","volume":"49","author":"Buffolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0045","article-title":"Drug-resistant hypertension in primary aldosteronism patients undergoing adrenal vein sampling: the AVIS-2-RH study","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001088","article-title":"Guidelines for primary aldosteronism: uptake by primary care physicians in Europe","volume":"34","author":"Mulatero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16429","article-title":"Intraindividual variability of aldosterone concentrations in primary aldosteronism: implications for case detection","volume":"77","author":"Yozamp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0065","article-title":"The unrecognized prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a cross-sectional study","volume":"173","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30367-4","article-title":"Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2003","article-title":"Incidence of atrial fibrillation and mineralocorticoid receptor activity in patients with medically and surgically treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"3","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11568","article-title":"Renal outcomes in medically and surgically treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10596","article-title":"Adrenalectomy lowers incident atrial fibrillation in primary aldosteronism patients at long term","volume":"71","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002520","article-title":"Subtype diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes of primary aldosteronism and future direction of research: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Mulatero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198785","article-title":"K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension","volume":"331","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.10.002","article-title":"CACNA1H mutations are associated with different forms of primary aldosteronism","volume":"13","author":"Daniil","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0053-8","article-title":"A gain-of-function mutation in the CLCN2 chloride channel gene causes primary aldosteronism","volume":"50","author":"Fernandes-Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/355262a0","article-title":"A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase\/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension","volume":"355","author":"Lifton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06315","article-title":"Recurrent gain of function mutation in calcium channel CACNA1H causes early-onset hypertension with primary aldosteronism","volume":"4","author":"Scholl","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0048-5","article-title":"CLCN2 chloride channel mutations in familial hyperaldosteronism type II","volume":"50","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19546","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19546","article-title":"Activating mutations in CTNNB1 in aldosterone producing adenomas","volume":"6","author":"Akerstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2716","article-title":"Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and CACNA1D underlie a common subtype of adrenal hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Azizan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2550","article-title":"Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 lead to aldosterone-producing adenomas and secondary hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Beuschlein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2695","article-title":"Somatic and germline CACNA1D calcium channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas and primary aldosteronism","volume":"45","author":"Scholl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K37","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0377","article-title":"A somatic mutation in CLCN2 identified in a sporadic aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"181","author":"Dutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14349","article-title":"Somatic CACNA1H mutation as a cause of aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"75","author":"Nanba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.11.022","article-title":"Development of monoclonal antibodies against human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2","volume":"383","author":"Gomez-Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14177","article-title":"Genetic, cellular, and molecular heterogeneity in adrenals with aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"75","author":"De Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17348","article-title":"Single-center prospective cohort study on the histopathology, genotype, and postsurgical outcomes of patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"78","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11465","article-title":"Immunohistopathology and steroid profiles associated with biochemical outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.05.002","article-title":"Adrenal CYP11B1\/2 expression in primary aldosteronism: immunohistochemical analysis using novel monoclonal antibodies","volume":"392","author":"Nakamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa484","article-title":"International histopathology consensus for unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"106","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-016-9441-8","article-title":"Disorganized steroidogenesis in adrenocortical carcinoma, a case study","volume":"28","author":"Uchida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683588","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.683588","article-title":"Approaches to gene mutation analysis using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded adrenal tumor tissue from patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"12","author":"Nanba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01004","article-title":"Targeted molecular characterization of aldosterone-producing adenomas in White Americans","volume":"103","author":"Nanba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12070","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of aldosterone-producing adenomas in blacks","volume":"73","author":"Nanba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4066","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa595","article-title":"Prevalence of somatic mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas in Japanese patients","volume":"105","author":"Nanba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3224","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa367","article-title":"Biochemical, histopathological, and genetic characterization of posture-responsive and unresponsive APAs","volume":"105","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0992-66","article-title":"Hereditary hypertension caused by chimaeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase","volume":"2","author":"Lifton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0337-9","article-title":"Genetic causes of primary aldosteronism","volume":"51","author":"Seidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0382-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of primary aldosteronism","volume":"16","author":"Zennaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12113-9","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hypertension in a mouse model for human CLCN2 related hyperaldosteronism","volume":"10","author":"Goppner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13033-4","article-title":"Elevated aldosterone and blood pressure in a mouse model of familial hyperaldosteronism with ClC-2 mutation","volume":"10","author":"Schewe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1241","article-title":"The potassium channel, Kir3.4 participates in angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone production by a human adrenocortical cell line","volume":"153","author":"Oki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1733","article-title":"Potassium channel mutant KCNJ5 T158A expression in HAC-15 cells increases aldosterone synthesis","volume":"153","author":"Oki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121407109","article-title":"Hypertension with or without adrenal hyperplasia due to different inherited mutations in the potassium channel KCNJ5","volume":"109","author":"Scholl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13476","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: KCNJ5 mutations and adrenocortical cell growth","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpz172","article-title":"Mosaicism for KCNJ5 causing early-onset primary aldosteronism due to bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia","volume":"33","author":"Maria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.07.031","article-title":"Somatic KCNJ5 mutation occurring early in adrenal development may cause a novel form of juvenile primary aldosteronism","volume":"441","author":"Tamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1170","article-title":"CACNA1H(M1549V) mutant calcium channel causes autonomous aldosterone production in HAC15 cells and is inhibited by mibefradil","volume":"157","author":"Reimer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014876118","article-title":"Enhanced Ca(2+) signaling, mild primary aldosteronism, and hypertension in a familial hyperaldosteronism mouse model (Cacna1h M1560V\/+)","volume":"118","author":"Seidel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304603","article-title":"ARMC5 mutations in macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"369","author":"Assie","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E926","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4204","article-title":"ARMC5 Mutations in a large cohort of primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: clinical and functional consequences","volume":"100","author":"Espiard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1113","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4280","article-title":"Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia due to mutations in an armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) gene: a clinical and genetic investigation","volume":"99","author":"Faucz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa162","article-title":"Volumetric modeling of adrenal gland size in primary bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia","volume":"5","author":"Wurth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101386","article-title":"Adrenocortical hyperplasia: a multifaceted disease","volume":"34","author":"Bourdeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1107-2972","article-title":"A gene-based classification of primary adrenocortical hyperplasias","volume":"52","author":"Hannah-Shmouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E900","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4167","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism and ARMC5 variants","volume":"100","author":"Zilbermint","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2015.98","article-title":"ARMC5 mutation analysis in patients with primary aldosteronism and bilateral adrenal lesions","volume":"30","author":"Mulatero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0031","article-title":"GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Impact of race and sex on genetic causes of aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"185","author":"Nanba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01733","article-title":"Somatic ATP1A1, ATP2B3, and KCNJ5 mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1466","article-title":"Pathogenesis of adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas carrying mutations of the Na(+)\/K(+)-ATPase","volume":"156","author":"Stindl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-2029","article-title":"Cellular pathophysiology of an adrenal adenoma-associated mutant of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase ATP2B3","volume":"157","author":"Tauber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7622","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0593","article-title":"Mutations of beta-catenin in adrenocortical tumors: activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is a frequent event in both benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors","volume":"65","author":"Tissier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107524","article-title":"Beta-catenin causes adrenal hyperplasia by blocking zonal transdifferentiation","volume":"31","author":"Pignatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt484","article-title":"WNT\/beta-catenin signalling is activated in aldosterone-producing adenomas and controls aldosterone production","volume":"23","author":"Berthon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq029","article-title":"Constitutive beta-catenin activation induces adrenal hyperplasia and promotes adrenal cancer development","volume":"19","author":"Berthon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00906-y","article-title":"Somatic mutations of GNA11 and GNAQ in CTNNB1-mutant aldosterone-producing adenomas presenting in puberty, pregnancy or menopause","volume":"53","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.11.014","article-title":"Intratumoral heterogeneity of steroidogenesis in aldosterone-producing adenoma revealed by intensive double- and triple-immunostaining for CYP11B2\/B1 and CYP17","volume":"422","author":"Nakamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-4007","article-title":"Genetic and histopathologic intertumor heterogeneity in primary aldosteronism","volume":"102","author":"Omata","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12064","article-title":"18-Oxocortisol synthesis in aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma and significance of KCNJ5 mutation status","volume":"73","author":"Tezuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0380","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Histopathological classification of cross-sectional image-negative hyperaldosteronism","volume":"102","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10907","article-title":"Tumor cell subtypes based on the intracellular hormonal activity in KCNJ5-mutated aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"72","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.10.014","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase leads the way to the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"441","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2010","article-title":"Adrenocortical zonation in humans under normal and pathological conditions","volume":"95","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11086","article-title":"Cellular and genetic causes of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"Omata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14041","article-title":"Mass spectrometry imaging establishes 2 distinct metabolic phenotypes of aldosterone-producing cell clusters in primary aldosteronism","volume":"75","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496918822622","article-title":"Impact of immunohistochemistry on the diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism: An important tool for improved patient follow-up","volume":"109","author":"Volpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb00306.x","article-title":"Histological and biochemical distinctiveness of atypical aldosterone-producing adenomas responsive to upright posture and angiotensin","volume":"34","author":"Tunny","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93225-C","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis","volume":"340","author":"Gordon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E819","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2965","article-title":"Microarray, qPCR, and KCNJ5 sequencing of aldosterone-producing adenomas reveal differences in genotype and phenotype between zona glomerulosa- and zona fasciculata-like tumors","volume":"97","author":"Azizan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.04.022","article-title":"Immunohistochemical, genetic and clinical characterization of sporadic aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"411","author":"Monticone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06186","article-title":"Genotype-specific steroid profiles associated with aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"67","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04453","article-title":"Measurement of peripheral plasma 18-oxocortisol can discriminate unilateral adenoma from bilateral diseases in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"65","author":"Satoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.16209","article-title":"Use of steroid profiling combined with machine learning for identification and subtype classification in primary aldosteronism","volume":"3","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3969","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab420","article-title":"ACTH stimulation maximizes the accuracy of peripheral steroid profiling in primary aldosteronism subtyping","volume":"106","author":"Tezuka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13866","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of steroid biomarkers for guiding primary aldosteronism subtyping","volume":"75","author":"Turcu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.01.008","article-title":"Classification of microadenomas in patients with primary aldosteronism by steroid profiling","volume":"189","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91733","article-title":"Macrolides selectively inhibit mutant KCNJ5 potassium channels that cause aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"127","author":"Scholl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10226","article-title":"Macrolides blunt aldosterone biosynthesis: a proof-of-concept study in KCNJ5 mutated adenoma cells ex vivo","volume":"70","author":"Caroccia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505529112","article-title":"Aldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations are common in normal adrenal glands","volume":"112","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30135-3","article-title":"Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an international cohort","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.33","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after treatment","volume":"168","author":"Catena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003200","article-title":"The primary aldosteronism surgical outcome score for the prediction of clinical outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"272","author":"Burrello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111369","article-title":"Vascular remodeling and duration of hypertension predict outcome of adrenalectomy in primary aldosteronism patients","volume":"51","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.05.038","article-title":"Re-evaluating absent clinical success after adrenalectomy in unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"170","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-4311-1","article-title":"Refining the definitions of biochemical and clinical cure for primary aldosteronism using the Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome (PASO) Classification System","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05265-8","article-title":"Outcomes after surgery for unilateral dominant primary aldosteronism in Sweden","volume":"44","author":"Sellgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11382","article-title":"Computed tomography and adrenal venous sampling in the diagnosis of unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0254","article-title":"Basal contralateral aldosterone suppression is rare in lateralized primary aldosteronism","volume":"183","author":"Desrochers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0860","article-title":"Effect of cosyntropin during adrenal venous sampling on subtype of primary aldosteronism: analysis of surgical outcome","volume":"182","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16335","article-title":"Steroidogenic activity in unresected adrenals associated with surgical outcomes in primary aldosteronism","volume":"77","author":"Nakai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa634","article-title":"Nomogram-based preoperative score for predicting clinical outcome in unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-013-1093-2","article-title":"Outcome after surgery for primary hyperaldosteronism may depend on KCNJ5 tumor mutation status: a population-based study from Western Norway","volume":"398","author":"Arnesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.01.007","article-title":"KCNJ5 mutation contributes to complete clinical success in aldosterone-producing adenoma: a study from a single center","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0550","article-title":"Identification of somatic mutations in CLCN2 in aldosterone-producing adenomas","volume":"4","author":"Rege","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03419","article-title":"Genetic spectrum and clinical correlates of somatic mutations in aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"64","author":"Fernandes-Rosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043276021002307?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1043276021002307?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T10:27:55Z","timestamp":1778581675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1043276021002307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1043276021002307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-2760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-2760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathophysiology and histopathology of primary aldosteronism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}