{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:49:04Z","timestamp":1785898144000,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023\\u201300217123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023\\u201300217123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:18:50Z","timestamp":1775045930000},"page":"624-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The 3M roles of the gut microbiome in pharmacotherapy for diabetes: mediator, modifier, and marker"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0365-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong In","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7673-034X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ara","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-1671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Hyun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01790-7","article-title":"Heterogeneity in phenotype, disease progression and drug response in type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.04.021","article-title":"Advanced microbiome therapeutics as a novel modality for oral delivery of peptides to manage metabolic diseases","volume":"36","author":"Vazquez-Uribe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"de Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1717719","article-title":"Considering gut microbiota in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Adeshirlarijaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00661-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the regulation of host immune responses and immune-related inflammatory diseases","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102766","article-title":"A dysregulated bile acid-gut microbiota axis contributes to obesity susceptibility","volume":"55","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G53","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00346.2017","article-title":"The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon","volume":"315","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105420","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in intestinal barrier function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and colonic carcinogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.014","article-title":"Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and toll-like receptor 4","volume":"41","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18930","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c02381","article-title":"Indole-3-aldehyde alleviates high-fat diet-induced gut barrier disruption by increasing intestinal stem cell expansion","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106865","article-title":"Succinate signaling attenuates high-fat diet-induced metabolic disturbance and intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"194","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.23","article-title":"Reprogramming of hepatic fat accumulation and \u201cbrowning\u201d of adipose tissue by the short-chain fatty acid acetate","volume":"40","author":"Sahuri-Arisoylu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.761834","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of butyrate for treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Arora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016","article-title":"Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits","volume":"156","author":"De Vadder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.013","article-title":"Microbiota-produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis","volume":"24","author":"De Vadder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0553","article-title":"Gut microbiota\u2212tryptophan metabolism\u2212GLP-1 axis participates in \u03b2-cell regeneration induced by dapagliflozin","volume":"73","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0704-8","article-title":"Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health","volume":"7","author":"Oliphant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.5494","article-title":"The role of bile acids in glucose metabolism and their relation with diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Alberto Gonz\u00e1lez-Regueiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01382","article-title":"Pharmacological applications of bile acids and their derivatives in the treatment of metabolic syndrome","volume":"9","author":"\u00d0ani\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46829-0","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide impairs \u03b2-cell function and glucose tolerance","volume":"15","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112839","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"149","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.055","article-title":"Microbially produced imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling through mTORC1","volume":"175","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.171","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05687-5","article-title":"Association of gut microbiota with glycaemic traits and incident type 2 diabetes, and modulation by habitual diet: a population-based longitudinal cohort study in Chinese adults","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2358","article-title":"Gut microbiome composition is predictive of incident type 2 diabetes in a population cohort of 5572 Finnish adults","volume":"45","author":"Ruuskanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1236-x","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-omics of host\u2013microbe dynamics in prediabetes","volume":"569","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0168","article-title":"Butyrate-producing bacteria and insulin homeostasis: the microbiome and insulin longitudinal evaluation study (MILES)","volume":"71","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00721-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome and stages of diabetes in middle-aged adults: CARDIA microbiome study","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01191-20","article-title":"Machine learning reveals time-varying microbial predictors with complex effects on glucose regulation","volume":"6","author":"Aasmets","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1536","article-title":"Interpretable machine learning framework reveals robust gut microbiome features associated with type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Gou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12198","article-title":"Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control","volume":"498","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00496","article-title":"Alterations in fecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in type 2 diabetic patients in Southern China population","volume":"3","author":"L\u00ea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.07.034","article-title":"The association of type II diabetes with gut microbiota composition","volume":"110","author":"Navab-Moghadam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202170102","article-title":"Decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila leads to the impairment of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in lean type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S412872","article-title":"Association between intestinal Prevotella copri abundance and glycemic fluctuation in patients with brittle diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03067-7","article-title":"Strain-specific gut microbial signatures in type 2 diabetes identified in a cross-cohort analysis of 8117 metagenomes","volume":"30","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.048","article-title":"Distinct gut metagenomics and metaproteomics signatures in prediabetics and treatment-na\u00efve type 2 diabetics","volume":"47","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2817","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and detection of \u201clive gut bacteria\u201d in blood of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.08.038","article-title":"Comparison of gut microbiota in adult patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals","volume":"111","author":"Sedighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081105","article-title":"Gut microbiota in patients with prediabetes","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.18811","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes with gut microbial diversity: a microbiome-wide analysis from population studies","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646","article-title":"Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity","volume":"535","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308778","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology","volume":"65","author":"Dao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02376-3","article-title":"Temporal relationship among adiposity, gut microbiota, and insulin resistance in a longitudinal human cohort","volume":"20","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1748261","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome reveals the association between the abundance of gut bile salt hydrolases and host health","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06466-x","article-title":"Gut microbial carbohydrate metabolism contributes to insulin resistance","volume":"621","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03642-6","article-title":"Microbiome\u2013metabolome dynamics associated with impaired glucose control and responses to lifestyle changes","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.08.005","article-title":"Microbes put drugs in(action)","volume":"36","author":"van der Laan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.012","article-title":"Microbial imidazole propionate affects responses to metformin through p38\u03b3-dependent inhibitory AMPK phosphorylation","volume":"32","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108900","article-title":"Insights into the action of the pharmaceutical metformin: targeted inhibition of the gut microbial enzyme agmatinase","volume":"27","author":"Tassoulas","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2257","article-title":"Metformin affects gut microbiome composition and function and circulating short-chain fatty acids: a randomized trial","volume":"44","author":"Mueller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4345","article-title":"Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15766","article-title":"Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota","volume":"528","author":"Forslund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-022-00261-6","article-title":"Metabolic modelling of the human gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes patients in response to metformin treatment","volume":"9","author":"Ezzamouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Syst. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062107","article-title":"Habitual dietary intake affects the altered pattern of gut microbiome by acarbose in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Takewaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01682-2","article-title":"Analyses of gut microbiota and plasma bile acids enable stratification of patients for antidiabetic treatment","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0226-y","article-title":"Effects of acarbose on the gut microbiota of prediabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12232","article-title":"Acarbose treatment affects the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and the gut content of bifidobacteria in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11128","article-title":"Liraglutide-induced structural modulation of the gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109784","article-title":"Correlation between intestinal flora and GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment\u2014a preliminary longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac210","article-title":"Cardiovascular benefits of empagliflozin are associated with gut microbiota and plasma metabolites in type 2 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.03.057","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiota induced by DPP-4i treatment improves glucose homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2093171","article-title":"Microflora disturbance during progression of glucose intolerance and effect of sitagliptin: an animal study","volume":"2016","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0325","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000717","article-title":"Effects of metformin, acarbose, and sitagliptin monotherapy on gut microbiota in Zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17891","article-title":"Effects of semaglutide on gut microbiota, cognitive function and inflammation in obese mice","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176440","article-title":"Semaglutide alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet","volume":"969","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64909-5","article-title":"Effect of dapagliflozin on ferroptosis through the gut microbiota metabolite TMAO during myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1405209","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota by metformin improves metabolic profiles in aged obese mice","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00115A","article-title":"The outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 of Akkermansia muciniphila promotes intestinal 5-HT biosynthesis and extracellular availability through TLR2 signalling","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-04012-z","article-title":"Heterologous expression of P9 from Akkermansia muciniphila increases the GLP-1 secretion of intestinal L cells","volume":"40","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-024-05124-3","article-title":"Decreased expression of the NLRP6 inflammasome is associated with increased intestinal permeability and inflammation in obesity with type 2 diabetes","volume":"81","author":"Fr\u00fchbeck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-024-00766-4","article-title":"Effect of Akkermansia muciniphila on pancreatic islet \u03b2-cell function in rats with prediabetes mellitus induced by a high-fat diet","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2197","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin activity in human serum is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Lassenius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103176","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum counters the effects of obesity: partial successful translation from rodent to human","volume":"63","author":"Schellekens","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13051","article-title":"Effects of vancomycin-induced gut microbiome alteration on the pharmacodynamics of metformin in healthy male subjects","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.632335","article-title":"Modulating the microbiota as a therapeutic intervention for type 2 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Huda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01300","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01300-22","article-title":"Adjunctive probio-X treatment enhances the therapeutic effect of a conventional drug in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus by promoting short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and bile acid pathways","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225168","article-title":"Efficacy of UB0316, a multi-strain probiotic formulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Madempudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2319889","article-title":"B. longum CKD1 enhances the efficacy of anti-diabetic medicines through upregulation of IL-22 response in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149401","article-title":"Tryptophan and the innate intestinal immunity: crosstalk between metabolites, host innate immune cells, and microbiota","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9254","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27194","article-title":"Downregulation of IL-22 can be considered as a risk factor for onset of type 2 diabetes","volume":"119","author":"Asadikaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072041","article-title":"Targeting the intestinal microbiota to prevent type 2 diabetes and enhance the effect of metformin on glycaemia: a randomised controlled pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Palacios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00796-w","article-title":"Inactivation of the antidiabetic drug acarbose by human intestinal microbial-mediated degradation","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0147","article-title":"Role of intestinal microbiota in metabolism of voglibose in vitro and in vivo","volume":"44","author":"Nepal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2015.9","article-title":"Specific gut microbiota features and metabolic markers in postmenopausal women with obesity","volume":"5","author":"Brahe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112448","article-title":"Gut microbiota of patients with type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal intolerance to metformin differs in composition and functionality from tolerant patients","volume":"145","author":"D\u00edaz-Perdigones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04091-0","article-title":"The human microbiome encodes resistance to the antidiabetic drug acarbose","volume":"600","author":"Balaich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.003","article-title":"Host-microbe-drug-nutrient screen identifies bacterial effectors of metformin therapy","volume":"178","author":"Pryor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add5787","article-title":"Microbial-host-isozyme analyses reveal microbial DPP4 as a potential antidiabetic target","volume":"381","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11978-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota confers host resistance to obesity by metabolizing dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101841","article-title":"Elucidation of gut microbiota-associated lipids using LC-MS\/MS and 16S rRNA sequence analyses","volume":"23","author":"Yasuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00777-z","article-title":"Human metabolome variation along the upper intestinal tract","volume":"5","author":"Folz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-329201","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates the effects of a personalised postprandial-targeting (PPT) diet on cardiometabolic markers: a diet intervention in pre-diabetes","volume":"72","author":"Ben-Yacov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12861","article-title":"Metabolic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Mobini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.12.010","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in patients with overweight\/obese type 2 diabetes: efficacy depends on its baseline levels in the gut","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.03.006","article-title":"Probiotics and synbiotics for glycemic control in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"43","author":"Baroni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.005","article-title":"Effects on weight loss and glycemic control with SAR441255, a potent unimolecular peptide GLP-1\/GIP\/GCG receptor triagonist","volume":"34","author":"Bossart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01751-7","article-title":"Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial","volume":"398","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01154-20","article-title":"Data analysis strategies for microbiome studies in human populations\u2014a systematic review of current practice","volume":"6","author":"Kleine Bardenhorst","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00247-8","article-title":"Large-scale microbiome data integration enables robust biomarker identification","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0368-1","article-title":"Diversity within species: interpreting strains in microbiomes","volume":"18","author":"Van Rossum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104327602500284X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S104327602500284X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:22:44Z","timestamp":1785896564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S104327602500284X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S104327602500284X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1043-2760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1043-2760","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The 3M roles of the gut microbiome in pharmacotherapy for diabetes: mediator, modifier, and marker","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2025.12.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}