{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:12:07Z","timestamp":1784949127938,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Theriogenology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,7]],"date-time":"2006-06-07T02:55:54Z","timestamp":1149648954000},"page":"567-574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Collection of tissue and culture samples from the canine reproductive tract"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Margaret V. Root","family":"Kustritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib1","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Obtaining a useful uterine biopsy specimen in dogs","volume":"89","author":"Down","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 51","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib2","first-page":"283","article-title":"New techniques using transcervical uterine cannulation for the diagnosis of uterine disorders in bitches","author":"Watts","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"issue":"Suppl. 57","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib3","first-page":"415","article-title":"Hysteroscopy in bitches","author":"Gerber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03661.x","article-title":"Endometrial cytology of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle","volume":"39","author":"Watts","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"Suppl. 57","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib5","first-page":"61","article-title":"Development of a technique for transcervical collection of tuerine tissue in bitches","author":"Gunzel-Apel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01936.x","article-title":"Uterine, cervical and vaginal microflora of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle","volume":"37","author":"Watts","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879901100618","article-title":"Normal bacterial flora in canine and feline uteri","volume":"11","author":"Schultheiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Diag Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib8","first-page":"708","article-title":"Canine vaginal and uterine bacterial flora","volume":"172","author":"Olson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib9","first-page":"401","article-title":"Onset of diestrus in the Beagle bitch: Definition and significance","volume":"35","author":"Holst","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib10","series-title":"Canine and feline theriogenology","article-title":"Disorders of the canine vagina, vestibule, and vulva","author":"Johnston","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib11","series-title":"Proceedings, Am Vet Med Assoc","article-title":"Effect of blood parasites on female reproduction","author":"Sirinarumitr","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib12","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Transmissible venereal tumor","volume":"19","author":"Rogers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp Cont Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(91)50058-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of chronic vaginitis in the bitch","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib14","unstructured":"Olson PNS. Canine vaginal flora. MS Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1976."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib15","first-page":"404","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative differences in normal vaginal flora of conventionally reared mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs","volume":"53","author":"Noguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05820.x","article-title":"The bacterial flora of the normal canine vagina compared with that of vaginal exudates","volume":"18","author":"Hirsh","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib17","first-page":"695","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial flora of the prepuce, urethra and vagina of normal adult dogs","volume":"39","author":"Ling","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.05.665","article-title":"Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in breeding bitches","volume":"53","author":"Bjurstrom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib19","first-page":"93","article-title":"Vaginal cytology and microflora of infertile bitches","volume":"8","author":"Osbaldiston","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib20","first-page":"162","article-title":"Microflora of genital organs of bitches and its relationship to reproductive disorders. I. Normal microflora","volume":"45","author":"Laznicka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinarstvi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib21","first-page":"181","article-title":"Die bedeutung des katheterisierens fur das bakteriologische ergebnis der harnuntersuchung","volume":"23","author":"Schaefer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Kleinterpraxis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib22","first-page":"76","article-title":"Bacterial flora of the canine vagina","volume":"27","author":"Platt","year":"1974","journal-title":"Southwest Vet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.131.16.367","article-title":"Significance of the vaginal bacterial flora in the bitch: a review","volume":"131","author":"VanDuijkeren","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548220","article-title":"Aerobic bacteria occurring in the vagina of bitches with reproductive disorders","volume":"34","author":"Bjurstrom","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib25","first-page":"210","article-title":"Microflora of genital organs of bitches and its relationship to reproductive disorders. II. Vaginitis","volume":"45","author":"Laznicka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinarstvi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib26","first-page":"233","article-title":"The genital mycoplasma and ureaplasma flora of healthy and diseased dogs","volume":"45","author":"Doig","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.023","article-title":"Semen collection in the dog","volume":"64","author":"Kutzler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31048-8","article-title":"An investigation into the origin of the first fraction of the canine ejaculate","volume":"49","author":"England","year":"1990","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(79)50081-3","article-title":"Canine bacterial prostatitis","volume":"9","author":"Barsanti","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib30","first-page":"219","article-title":"Evaluation of various techniques for diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis in the dog","volume":"183","author":"Barsanti","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5326\/0390151","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage as the primary treatment for prostatic abscesses and cysts in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Boland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings, Am Vet Med Assoc","article-title":"Treatment of prostatic disease in male dog","author":"Sirinarumitr","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib33","first-page":"160","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic techniques for canine prostatic diseases","volume":"177","author":"Barsanti","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib34","first-page":"32S","article-title":"Diagnosis of canine prostatic carcinoma","volume":"117","author":"Nickel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tidjschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00365.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the cytologic diagnosis of canine prostatic disorders","volume":"33","author":"Powe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.09.1479","article-title":"Comparison of two sample collection methods for quantitative bacteriologic culture of canine prostatic fluid","volume":"196","author":"Ling","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03307.x","article-title":"Testicular fine needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic tool in dog infertility","volume":"38","author":"Dahlbom","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1979.tb06709.x","article-title":"Serial percutaneous testicular biopsy in the Beagle dog","volume":"20","author":"James","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib39","first-page":"46","article-title":"Diagnostics, treatment, and management of poor fertility in the stud dog","volume":"9","author":"Ellington","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00278-8","article-title":"Anti-sperm antibodies and seminal characteristics after testicular biopsy or epididymal aspiration in dogs","volume":"53","author":"Attia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 7","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards more objectivity in diagnosis and management of male infertility","author":"Comhaire","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1988.tb02306.x","article-title":"Scrotal width as an index of testicular size in dogs and its relationship to body size","volume":"29","author":"Woodall","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib43","first-page":"443","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of infertility in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Freshman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comp Cont Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90280-X","article-title":"Histopathologic and gross effects of testicular biopsy in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Lopate","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.05.670","article-title":"Long-term study of aerobic bacteria of the genital tract in stud dogs","volume":"53","author":"Bjurstrom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(86)50063-2","article-title":"Canine prostatic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Barsanti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Clin NA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib47","first-page":"201","article-title":"Canine prostatic fluid: Techniques of collection, quantitative bacterial culture, and interpretation of results","volume":"183","author":"Ling","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.03.003","article-title":"Relationship between inflammatory cytology of canine seminal fluid and significant aerobic bacterial, anaerobic bacterial or mycoplasma cultures of canine seminal fluid: 95 cases [1987\u20132000]","volume":"64","author":"Root Kustritz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(77)90214-X","article-title":"Experimentally induced mycoplasmal infection in the genital tract of the male dog","volume":"7","author":"Laber","year":"1977","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib50","first-page":"443","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of infertility in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Freshman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Comp Cont Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003_bib51","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy VI","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Canine orchitis","author":"Lein","year":"1977"}],"container-title":["Theriogenology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093691X06002731?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093691X06002731?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T18:14:38Z","timestamp":1707070478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0093691X06002731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0093691X06002731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.05.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-691X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}}}