{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:49:09Z","timestamp":1791568149572,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Theriogenology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:51:22Z","timestamp":1791269482000},"page":"118246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Environmental chemicals in dogs: evidence review and new data linking dietary exposure and reproductive performance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"268","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary C.W.","family":"England","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Byers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca N.","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4166-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3230-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Moxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-3601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard G.","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib1","series-title":"Silent Spring","author":"Carson","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib2","article-title":"Environmental chemicals impact dog semen quality in vitro and may be associated with a temporal decline in sperm motility and increased cryptorchidism","volume":"6","author":"Lea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86805-y","article-title":"Environmental chemicals in dog testes reflect their geographical source and may be associated with altered pathology","volume":"11","author":"Sumner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years","volume":"305","author":"Carlsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108961","article-title":"The question of declining sperm density revisited: an analysis of 101 studies published 1934-1996","volume":"108","author":"Swan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142073","article-title":"Temporal changes in indicators of testicular dysgenesis syndrome in labrador and golden retrievers","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92697-7","article-title":"Apparent doubling of frequency of undescended testis in England and Wales in 1962\u201381","volume":"2","author":"Chilvers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9","article-title":"Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two nordic countries","volume":"363","author":"Boisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm027","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism","volume":"14","author":"Virtanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R265","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0042","article-title":"The dog as a sentinel species for environmental effects on human fertility","volume":"159","author":"Sumner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22279","article-title":"The fetal ovary exhibits temporal sensitivity to a 'real-life' mixture of environmental chemicals","volume":"6","author":"Lea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9326-7","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)","volume":"16","author":"Palioura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0242-4","article-title":"Environmental pollutants, a possible etiology for premature ovarian insufficiency: a narrative review of animal and human data","volume":"16","author":"Vabre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143960","article-title":"Organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites in paired dog food and urine: pet exposure through food consumption","volume":"370","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39913-9","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of diethylhexyl phthalate and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 on sperm quality in the human and dog","volume":"9","author":"Sumner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030472","article-title":"Analysis and comparison of nutrition profiles of canine milk with bovine and caprine milk","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.11.009","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in UK human milk: implications for infant exposure and relationship to external exposure","volume":"63","author":"Abdallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04141-1","article-title":"The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk","volume":"26","author":"Pajewska-Szmyt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00846-4","article-title":"Influence of life-history parameters on organochlorine concentrations in free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Prince William Sound, AK","volume":"281","author":"Ylitalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00094-7","article-title":"Factors affecting organochlorine contaminant concentrations in milk and blood of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) dams and pups from St. George Island, Alaska","volume":"231","author":"Beckmen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib23","unstructured":"England GCW, Byers AS, Blanchard RN, et al. Within-individual associations between testicular environmental chemical concentrations and histopathological severity across UK and Scandinavian dog populations. [Submitted for publication]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13343-5","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Swedish household dust and exposure of pet cats","volume":"28","author":"Weiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1643703","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in dog blood serum levels and semen quality","volume":"16","author":"Weiss","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34241","article-title":"Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism","volume":"118","author":"Welsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioae075","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer in the dog: unresolved questions and challenges in translating insights from human studies","volume":"111","author":"Soto-Heras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01424.x","article-title":"Follicular morphology, oocyte diameter and localisation of fibroblast growth factors in the domestic dog ovary","volume":"44","author":"Songsasen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12055","article-title":"Folliculogenesis, ovulation and endocrine control of oocytes and embryos in the dog","volume":"47","author":"Reynaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2025.114654","article-title":"A cumulative dietary pesticide exposure score based on produce consumption is associated with urinary pesticide biomarkers in a U.S. biomonitoring cohort","volume":"270","author":"Temkin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Theriogenology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093691X2600436X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093691X2600436X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:50:49Z","timestamp":1791564649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0093691X2600436X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0093691X2600436X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-691X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-691X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental chemicals in dogs: evidence review and new data linking dietary exposure and reproductive performance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Theriogenology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2026.118246","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118246"}}