{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:46:27Z","timestamp":1779263187703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","thrombosisresearch.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thrombosis Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]],"date-time":"2015-10-22T23:37:57Z","timestamp":1445557077000},"page":"1074-1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving oral anticoagulation: Current treatment and pharmacological perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di Minno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Spadarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Spadarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tremoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Minno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.694273","article-title":"Does comorbidity account for the excess mortality in patients with major bleeding in acute myocardial infarction?","volume":"116","author":"Spencer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.164","article-title":"Time trends and impact of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation in clinical practice","volume":"104","author":"Lanas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.571328","article-title":"Impact of upper and lower gastrointestinal blood loss on healthcare utilization and costs: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Econ."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.07.019","article-title":"Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Incidence, predictors, and clinical implications: Analysis from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial","volume":"54","author":"Nikolsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp110","article-title":"Associations of major bleeding and myocardial infarction with the incidence and timing of mortality in patients presenting with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: A risk model from the ACUITY trial","volume":"30","author":"Mehran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.06.056","article-title":"Impact of bleeding severity on clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"96","author":"Rao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1160\/TH13-02-0150","article-title":"Gastrointestinal bleeding with the new oral anticoagulants-defining the issues and the management strategies","volume":"110","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"2 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2292","article-title":"American college of chest physicians. Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.","volume":"141","author":"Ageno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0674","article-title":"Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant and thrombolytic treatment: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"133","author":"Schulman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01109-9","article-title":"Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: An inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on complications of oral anticoagulant therapy","volume":"348","author":"Palareti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2685","article-title":"Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: How well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice?","volume":"290","author":"Go","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021447","article-title":"Antidepressant-warfarin interaction and associated gastrointestinal bleeding risk in a case\u2013control study","volume":"6","author":"Schelleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.271","article-title":"Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"170","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.09.052","article-title":"Warfarin prescribing in atrial fibrillation: The impact of physician, patient, and hospital characteristics","volume":"119","author":"Choudhry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0944-8","article-title":"Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in elderly patients with multimorbidity","volume":"8","author":"Marcucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2007.12.010","article-title":"Warfarin pharmacology, clinical management, and evaluation of hemorrhagic risk for the elderly","volume":"26","author":"Jacobs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.008","article-title":"New oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes: ESC working group on thrombosis-task force on anticoagulants in heart disease position paper","volume":"59","author":"De Caterina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410130073007","article-title":"Bleeding complications in oral anticoagulant therapy: An analysis of risk factors","volume":"153","author":"Van der Meer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61194-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: An analysis of the RE-LY trial","volume":"376","author":"Wallentin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1160\/TH13-11-0918","article-title":"New oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: Impact of study design, double counting and unexpected findings on interpretation of study results and conclusions","volume":"111","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318290826d","article-title":"Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF\/AHA\/ESC and 2011 ACCF\/AHA\/HRS recommendations): A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines","volume":"127","author":"Wann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0948-4","article-title":"Laboratory tests during direct oral anticoagulant treatment? No.","volume":"8","author":"Di Minno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"9921","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62343-0","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"383","author":"Ruff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00421","article-title":"Oral direct factor Xa inhibitors versus low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"156","author":"Neumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.041","article-title":"New oral anticoagulants increase risk for gastrointestinal bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Holster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440100095011","article-title":"National consortium of anticoagulation clinics. Management and prognosis of lifethreatening bleeding during warfarin therapy","volume":"156","author":"White","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705223362107","article-title":"Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery","volume":"336","author":"Kearon","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90004-0","article-title":"Identification and preliminary validation of predictors of major bleeding in hospitalized patients starting anticoagulant therapy","volume":"82","author":"Landefeld","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0145","first-page":"369","article-title":"Acute GI bleeding in the setting of supratherapeutic international normalized ratio in patients taking warfarin: Endoscopic diagnosis, clinical management, and outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Rubin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90285-W","article-title":"Anticoagulant-related bleeding: Clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention","volume":"95","author":"Landefeld","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.4.483","article-title":"Acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients treated with anticoagulant drugs","volume":"36","author":"Choudari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02809.x","article-title":"Effect of pharmacological therapies for stroke prevention on major gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"66","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00005","article-title":"Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-11-199606010-00004","article-title":"The risk for and severity of bleeding complications in elderly patients treated with warfarin","volume":"124","author":"Fihn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.007864","article-title":"Bleeding risk in very old patients on vitamin K antagonist treatment: Results of a prospective collaborative study on elderly patients followed by Italian Centres for anticoagulation","volume":"124","author":"Poli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61233-1","article-title":"Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (BAFTA): A randomized controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Mant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004747","article-title":"Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: An analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial","volume":"123","author":"Eikelboom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2012.45.2.138","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy","volume":"45","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0195","series-title":"Dabigatran etexilate","first-page":"1","article-title":"Boehringer Ingelheim","author":"FDA Advisory Committee Briefing Document","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115386","article-title":"Concomitant use of antiplatelet therapy with dabigatran or warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) trial","volume":"127","author":"Dans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.104","article-title":"The effect of dabigatran plasma concentrations and patient characteristics on the frequency of ischemic stroke and major bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients: The RE-LY trial (randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy)","volume":"63","author":"Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.10.021","article-title":"Analysis of upper gastrointestinal adverse events among patients given dabigatran in the RE-LY trial","volume":"11","author":"Bytzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.013","article-title":"Factors associated with major bleeding events: Insights from the ROCKET AF trial (rivaroxaban once-daily oral direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and embolism trial in atrial fibrillation)","volume":"63","author":"Goodman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310907","article-title":"Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"369","author":"Giugliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.549","article-title":"Major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving apixaban or warfarin: The ARISTOTLE trial (apixaban for reduction in stroke and other thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillation): Predictors, characteristics, and clinical outcomes","volume":"63","author":"Hylek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-123711","article-title":"Bleeding in patients receiving vitamin K antagonists who would have been excluded from trials on which the indication for anticoagulation was based","volume":"111","author":"Levi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012061","article-title":"Cardiovascular, bleeding, and mortality risks in elderly medicare patients treated with dabigatran or warfarin for non-valvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"131","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0240","first-page":"113(6)","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran therapy in daily-care patients with atrial fibrillation. Results from the Dresden NOAC Registry","volume":"5","author":"Beyer-Westendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-03-563577","article-title":"Rates, management, and outcome of rivaroxaban bleeding in daily care: Results from the Dresden NOAC registry","volume":"124","author":"Beyer-Westendorf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.020","article-title":"New anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents: A primer for the gastroenterologist","volume":"12","author":"Baron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2006.05.011","article-title":"Prothrombin complex concentrate versus recombinant factor VIIa for reversal of coumarin anticoagulation","volume":"119","author":"Dickneite","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-01-0032","article-title":"Recombinant factor VIIa. An update on its clinical use","volume":"93","author":"Franchini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0265","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/Drugs\/CardiovascularandRenalDrugsAdvisoryCommittee\/ucm226008.htm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.10.005","article-title":"Optimisation of the prothrombin complex concentrate dose for warfarin reversal","volume":"115","author":"Makris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21046","article-title":"Role of prothrombin complex concentrates in reversing warfarin anticoagulation: A review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Leissinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0528-z","article-title":"Ultra-rapid management of oral anticoagulant therapy-related surgical intracranial hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Vigu\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2006.08.002","article-title":"Anticoagulants and their reversal","volume":"21","author":"Schulman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181895bd8","article-title":"Perioperative hemostatic management of patients treated with vitamin K antagonists","volume":"109","author":"Levy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.02080.x","article-title":"Suboptimal effect of a three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (profilnine-SD) in correcting supratherapeutic international normalized ratio due to warfarin overdose","volume":"49","author":"Holland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R105","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6987","article-title":"Prothrombin complex concentrate (beriplex P\/N) in severe bleeding: Experience in a large tertiary hospital","volume":"12","author":"Bruce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.02904.x","article-title":"Beriplex P\/N anticoagulation reversal study group prothrombin complex concentrate (beriplex P\/N) for emergency anticoagulation reversal: A prospective multinational clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Pabinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051019","article-title":"Influence of prothrombin complex concentrates on plasma coagulation in critically ill patients","volume":"25","author":"Staudinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200301000-00004","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a prothrombin complex concentrate with two virus-inactivation steps in patients with severe liver damage","volume":"15","author":"Lorenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-009-0412-5","article-title":"Warfarin anticoagulation reversal: Management of the asymptomatic and bleeding patient","volume":"29","author":"Lindahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.12.019","article-title":"More efficient reversal of dabigatran inhibition of coagulation by activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa than by four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate","volume":"135","author":"Lindahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0330","first-page":"149","article-title":"Prothrombin complex concentrates: An update","volume":"8","author":"Franchini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9311","article-title":"Clinical review: Prothrombin complex concentrates\u2013evaluation of safety and thrombogenicity","volume":"15","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.07.024","article-title":"Thromboembolic safety and efficacy of prothrombin complex concentrates in the emergency reversal of warfarin coagulopathy","volume":"129","author":"Majeed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.3.293","article-title":"Thromboembolic adverse events after use of recombinant human coagulation factor VIIa","volume":"295","author":"O'Connell","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042991","article-title":"Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"352","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.01.021","article-title":"Improving the use of direct oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation.","volume":"24","author":"Di Minno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0830-7","article-title":"Kalina U, for the beriplex\u00ae P\/N anticoagulation reversal study group impact of infusion speed on the safety and effectiveness of prothrombin complex concentrate: A prospective clinical trial of emergency anticoagulation reversal","volume":"89","author":"Pabinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-11-0982","article-title":"Reversal of anticoagulants: An overview of current developments.","volume":"113","author":"Greinacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-11-468207","article-title":"A specific antidote for dabigatran: Functional and structural characterization","volume":"121","author":"Schiele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3102","article-title":"A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-12-1080","article-title":"A randomised study in healthy volunteers to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of idarucizumab, a specific antidote to dabigatran","volume":"113","author":"Glund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2015.987126","article-title":"Monitoring and reversal strategies for new oral anticoagulants","volume":"13","author":"Vanden Daelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.11.2829","article-title":"Reversal agents in development for the new oral anticoagulants","volume":"126","author":"Costin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0395","article-title":"Specific antidotes in development for reversal of novel anticoagulants: A review","author":"G\u00f3mez-Outes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Cardiovasc. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.08.002","article-title":"ACCF\/ACG\/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation task force on clinical expert consensus documents","volume":"52","author":"Bhatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.08.1623","article-title":"The HAS-BLED score has better prediction accuracy for major bleeding than CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc scores in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation.","volume":"62","author":"Rold\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12140","article-title":"Recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in the 2012 focused update of the ESC guidelines on atrial fibrillation: A commentary","volume":"11","author":"Lip","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur416","volume":"14","author":"Camm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.044","article-title":"Oral anticoagulation, aspirin, or no therapy in patients with nonvalvular AF with 0 or 1 stroke risk factor based on the CHA2DS2-VASc score","volume":"65","author":"Lip","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-12-0827","article-title":"The HAS-BLED score predicts bleedings during bridging of chronic oral anticoagulation. Results from the national multicentre BNK online bRiDging REgistRy (BORDER)","volume":"108","author":"Omran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0430","first-page":"672","article-title":"Triple antithrombotic therapy following an acute coronary syndrome: Prevalence, outcomes and prognostic utility of the HAS-BLED score","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Interv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1584","article-title":"Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: The Euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation","volume":"137","author":"Lip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.4261","article-title":"Risk of thromboembolism, recurrent hemorrhage, and death after warfarin interruption for gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"172","author":"Witt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.11.005","article-title":"Time trends and outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding in the Veneto region: A retrospective population based study from 2001 to 2010","volume":"46","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04563.x","article-title":"The changing face of hospitalisation due to gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation","volume":"33","author":"Lanas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.01062.x","article-title":"Investigators of the Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Gastroenterolog\u00eda (AEG). Effect of antisecretory drugs and nitrates on the risk of ulcer bleeding associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulants","volume":"102","author":"Lanas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2010.00126","article-title":"Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a cohort of new users of low-dose aspirin for secondary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Cea Soriano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.03.049","article-title":"Acid suppressants reduce risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on antithrombotic or anti-inflammatory therapy","volume":"141","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009","article-title":"International consensus upper gastrointestinal bleeding conference group. International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"152","author":"Barkun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001233","article-title":"Genetic determinants of dabigatran plasma levels and their relation to bleeding","volume":"127","author":"Par\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-08-0566","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of edoxaban exposure and response relationships in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"107","author":"Salazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.306","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling analysis of intrinsic FXa and bleeding from edoxaban treatment","volume":"54","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Thrombosis Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049384815301481?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049384815301481?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]],"date-time":"2019-08-31T20:31:58Z","timestamp":1567283518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0049384815301481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0049384815301481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-3848"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-3848","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving oral anticoagulation: Current treatment and pharmacological perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Thrombosis Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.10.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}