{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:08:24Z","timestamp":1784135304176,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thrombosisresearch.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thrombosis Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:50:33Z","timestamp":1781711433000},"page":"109753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A short history of anticoagulant therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Noel C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Imiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Hirsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.19.1.75","article-title":"The discovery of heparin","volume":"19","author":"Mc","year":"1959","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1916.41.2.250","article-title":"The thromboplastic action of cephalin","volume":"41","author":"McLean","year":"1916","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"10264","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32439-9","article-title":"Direct oral anticoagulants: evidence and unresolved issues","volume":"396","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.023","article-title":"Fifty years of research on antithrombotic therapy: achievements and disappointments","volume":"70","author":"Hirsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.19.1.97","article-title":"The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels","volume":"19","author":"Link","year":"1959","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242206","article-title":"Heparin","volume":"324","author":"Hirsh","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.03.104","article-title":"A century of heparin","volume":"108","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"issue":"6524","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5667","article-title":"Structural basis of antagonizing the vitamin K catalytic cycle for anticoagulation","volume":"371","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15800","article-title":"Structural and cellular basis of vitamin K antagonism","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(76)90105-5","article-title":"Anticoagulant properties of heparin fractionated by affinity chromatography on matrix-bound antithrombin iii and by gel filtration","volume":"9","author":"Andersson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313155","article-title":"Antithrombotic agents","volume":"124","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23056-1_1","article-title":"History of heparin","volume":"207","author":"Barrowcliffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0065","first-page":"81","article-title":"Heparin to pentasaccharide and beyond: the end is not in sight","volume":"30","author":"Messmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.125.4.683","article-title":"The inhibition of blood clotting: an unidentified substance which acts in conjunction with heparin to prevent the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin","volume":"125","author":"Brinkhous","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1918.47.3.328","article-title":"Two new factors in blood coagulation\u2014heparin and pro-antithrombin","volume":"47","author":"Howell","year":"1918","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790020032009","article-title":"Heparin and thrombosis: the present situation","volume":"110","author":"Murray","year":"1938","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193910000-00008","article-title":"A study of the clotting defect in hemophilia: the delated formation of thrombin","volume":"198","author":"Brinkhous","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1810241","article-title":"On the molecular-weight-dependence of the anticoagulant activity of heparin","volume":"181","author":"Thunberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.4_Supplement.258S","article-title":"Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety","volume":"108","author":"Hirsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318234","article-title":"Heparan sulfate: antithrombotic or not?","volume":"111","author":"Weitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1_suppl.64S","article-title":"Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety","volume":"119","author":"Hirsh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.15.1575","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparin: a review of the results of recent studies of the treatment of venous thromboembolism and unstable angina","volume":"98","author":"Hirsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.027","article-title":"Origins and evolution of extracorporeal circulation: JACC historical breakthroughs in perspective","volume":"79","author":"Holman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196011172632006","article-title":"Heparin administration after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"263","author":"Carleton","year":"1960","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7138","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)92299-6","article-title":"Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism, a controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Barritt","year":"1960","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8840","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92614-Y","article-title":"Low molecular weight versus standard heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery. The Thromboprophylaxis Collaborative Group","volume":"341","author":"Kakkar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805053181805","article-title":"Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery","volume":"318","author":"Collins","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610303151801","article-title":"Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis","volume":"315","author":"Hull","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828cf104","article-title":"Heparin thromboprophylaxis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"41","author":"Alhazzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1931.96.2.413","article-title":"A problem in the coagulation of the blood","volume":"96","author":"Roderick","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0155","first-page":"453","article-title":"A brief account of a disease in cattle simulating hemorrhagic septicaemia due to feeding sweet clover","volume":"25","author":"Schofield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(25)11026-4","article-title":"A preparation from spoiled sweet clover [3,3\u2032-methylene-bis-(4-hydroxycoumarin)] which prolongs coagulation and prothrombin time of the blood: preliminary report of experimental and clinical studies","volume":"16","author":"Butt","year":"1941","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06329.x","article-title":"Nutrition classics from The Journal of Biological Chemistry 138:21-33, 1941. Studies on the hemorrhagic sweet clover disease. IV. The isolation and crystallization of the hemorrhagic agent","volume":"32","author":"Campbell","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07119.x","article-title":"The story of the discovery of heparin and warfarin","volume":"141","author":"Wardrop","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"7488","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)91109-9","article-title":"A national standard for anticoagulant therapy. The Manchester comparative reagent","volume":"1","author":"Poller","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39B","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(95)80009-H","article-title":"Optimal intensity and monitoring warfarin","volume":"75","author":"Hirsh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0185","first-page":"486","article-title":"An assay of the antithrombotic action of warfarin: its correlation with the inhibition of stasis thrombosis in rabbits","volume":"40","author":"Wessler","year":"1979","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V61.3.435.435","article-title":"Dose-dependent antithrombotic effect of warfarin in rabbits","volume":"61","author":"Gitel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197208172870703","article-title":"A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time","volume":"287","author":"Basu","year":"1972","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0200","first-page":"853","article-title":"Solving the mystery of excessive warfarin-induced bleeding: a personal historical perspective","volume":"112","author":"Hirsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2444-5_28","article-title":"Relationship between dose, anticoagulant effect and the clinical efficacy and safety of heparin","volume":"313","author":"Hirsh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0210","first-page":"5S","article-title":"Optimal therapeutic range for oral anticoagulants","volume":"95","author":"Hirsh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00775.x","article-title":"International Normalized Ratios (INR): the first 20 years","volume":"2","author":"Poller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00793.x","article-title":"Definition of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) and its consequences for the calibration procedure of thromboplastin preparations: a rebuttal","volume":"2","author":"van den Besselaar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"146","author":"Hart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-4-200508160-00005","article-title":"Warfarin plus aspirin after myocardial infarction or the acute coronary syndrome: meta-analysis with estimates of risk and benefit","volume":"143","author":"Rothberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506223322501","article-title":"A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group","volume":"332","author":"Schulman","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649783","article-title":"Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis","volume":"74","author":"Levine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"7595","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39098.583356.55","article-title":"Anticoagulation for three versus six months in patients with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or both: randomised trial","volume":"334","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8597","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92070-3","article-title":"Randomised comparison of two intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy after tissue heart valve replacement","volume":"1","author":"Turpie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2213437","article-title":"Rivaroxaban in rheumatic heart disease-associated atrial fibrillation","volume":"387","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reply, N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.10.008","article-title":"Direct oral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonists in patients with antiphospholipid syndromes: meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"81","author":"Khairani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1950.tb09628.x","article-title":"Intramuscular administration of heparin","volume":"136","author":"Bauer","year":"1949","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197505152922002","article-title":"Management of heparin therapy: controlled prospective trial","volume":"292","author":"Salzman","year":"1975","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6 Pt 3 Su","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S336","DOI":"10.1053\/hj.1998.v135.90303","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism","volume":"135","author":"Hirsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V59.6.1239.1239","article-title":"The relationship between the hemorrhagic and antithrombotic properties of low molecular weight heparin in rabbits","volume":"59","author":"Carter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(83)90550-8","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship in heparin: a synthetic pentasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin III and eliciting high anti-factor Xa activity","volume":"116","author":"Choay","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0701.093520","article-title":"AHA Scientific Statement: Guide to anticoagulant therapy: heparin: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association","volume":"21","author":"Hirsh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199603143341102","article-title":"Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. The Tasman Study Group","volume":"334","author":"Koopman","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371007","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparins","volume":"337","author":"Weitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3466.2002.tb00081.x","article-title":"Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide: the first in a new class of antithrombotic agents - the selective factor Xa inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drug Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34309","article-title":"The synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux: first in the class of antithrombotic agents that selectively inhibit coagulation factor Xa","volume":"28","author":"Petitou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(03)00030-6","article-title":"Evaluation of the pharmacological properties and clinical results of the synthetic pentasaccharide (fondaparinux)","volume":"109","author":"Samama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055443","article-title":"Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"354","author":"I. Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/58.suppl_2.S18","article-title":"Setting a standard for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis","volume":"58","author":"Turpie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0330","first-page":"1088","article-title":"SR-90107 (Sanofi-Synthelabo)","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"IDrugs"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011100","article-title":"Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Hip-Fracture Surgery, Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery","volume":"345","author":"Eriksson","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011099","article-title":"Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Major Knee Surgery, Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery","volume":"345","author":"Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.13.joc60038","article-title":"Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial","volume":"295","author":"Yusuf","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.02.051","article-title":"A dose-finding study of fondaparinux in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the Pentasaccharide in Unstable Angina (PENTUA) Study","volume":"43","author":"Simoons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000158485.70761.67","article-title":"Randomized, blinded trial comparing fondaparinux with unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention: Arixtra Study in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a Randomized Evaluation (ASPIRE) Pilot Trial","volume":"111","author":"Mehta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00482a021","article-title":"Design and characterization of hirulogs: a novel class of bivalent peptide inhibitors of thrombin","volume":"29","author":"Maraganore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3806-6_17","article-title":"Thrombin inhibition by synthetic hirudin peptides","volume":"281","author":"Maraganore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.10.1479","article-title":"Recombinant hirudin in clinical practice: focus on lepirudin","volume":"103","author":"Greinacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062437","article-title":"Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"355","author":"Stone","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.7.2155","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind comparison of hirulog versus heparin in patients receiving streptokinase and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction (HERO). Hirulog Early Reperfusion\/Occlusion (HERO) Trial Investigators","volume":"96","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9296","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06887-8","article-title":"Early Reperfusion or Occlusion -2 Trial, Thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin versus heparin in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the HERO-2 randomised trial","volume":"358","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.14.1838","article-title":"Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"103","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0395","first-page":"830","article-title":"Bivalirudin","volume":"99","author":"Warkentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.03.012","article-title":"A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"121","author":"Warkentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2012.07.019","article-title":"Bivalirudin versus heparin as an anticoagulant during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Pieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1466","article-title":"A new oral anticoagulant: the 50-year challenge","volume":"3","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2017.04.011","article-title":"Replacing warfarin therapy with the newer direct oral anticoagulants, or simply a growth in anticoagulation therapy? Implications for pathology testing","volume":"49","author":"Favaloro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.10.002","article-title":"Is there a role for pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic-guided dosing for novel oral anticoagulants?","volume":"199","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.264903","article-title":"Translational success stories: development of direct thrombin inhibitors","volume":"111","author":"Coppens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"FI1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f11","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvab002","article-title":"Real-world safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 605 771 patients","volume":"7","author":"Menichelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035162","article-title":"Comparison of ximelagatran with warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement","volume":"349","author":"Francis","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.6.681","article-title":"Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial","volume":"293","author":"Fiessinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37288","article-title":"Clinician trends in prescribing direct oral anticoagulants for US Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"4","author":"Wheelock","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030104","article-title":"Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran","volume":"349","author":"Schulman","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9397","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14841-6","article-title":"Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial","volume":"362","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.6.690","article-title":"Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial","volume":"293","author":"Albers","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.6.736","article-title":"Ximelagatran--promises and concerns","volume":"293","author":"Gurewich","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.306925","article-title":"Evolving treatments for arterial and venous thrombosis: role of the direct oral anticoagulants","volume":"118","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00663-0_13","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury in humans: the case of ximelagatran","volume":"196","author":"Keisu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(03)00325-9","article-title":"Ximelagatran compared with warfarin for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Rationale, objectives, and design of a pair of clinical studies and baseline patient characteristics (SPORTIF III and V)","volume":"146","author":"Halperin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464060-00010","article-title":"Ximelagatran\/Melagatran: a review of its use in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in orthopaedic surgery","volume":"64","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905561","article-title":"Investigators, Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"361","author":"Connolly","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04266.x","article-title":"Perspective on dabigatran etexilate dosing: why not follow standard pharmacological principles?","volume":"74","author":"Chin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02067-5","article-title":"Prescribing of direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin to older people with atrial fibrillation in UK general practice: a cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906598","article-title":"Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism","volume":"361","author":"Schulman","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32S","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029609344199","article-title":"Dabigatran etexilate: future directions in anticoagulant treatment","volume":"15","author":"Schulman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab065","article-title":"2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"Steffel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1112874","article-title":"Bleeding risk with dabigatran in the frail elderly","volume":"366","author":"Harper","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1302834","article-title":"Dabigatran and postmarketing reports of bleeding","volume":"368","author":"Southworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800374","article-title":"Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty","volume":"358","author":"Eriksson","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9632","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60880-6","article-title":"Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"372","author":"Kakkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-009-2512-x","article-title":"Prophylaxis for thromboembolism in internal medicine and family practice","volume":"51","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Internist (Berl)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-0454","article-title":"Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation - the J-ROCKET AF study","volume":"76","author":"Hori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009638","article-title":"Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"365","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029619898764","article-title":"A systematic review of network meta-analyses and real-world evidence comparing apixaban and rivaroxaban in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000572","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of apixaban compared to rivaroxaban in acute VTE in the real world","volume":"3","author":"Aryal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1713889","article-title":"Apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: why are event rates higher in clinical practice than in randomized trials?-a systematic review","volume":"120","author":"de Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810773","article-title":"Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement","volume":"361","author":"Lassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1302507","article-title":"Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism","volume":"369","author":"Agnelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu046","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to age for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: observations from the ARISTOTLE trial","volume":"35","author":"Halvorsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004747","article-title":"Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial","volume":"123","author":"Eikelboom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005008","volume":"130","author":"Halperin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2600525","article-title":"The COBRRA trial - ending the venous thromboembolism safety toss-up","volume":"394","author":"Moores","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113572","article-title":"Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism","volume":"366","author":"E.-P. Investigators","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306638","article-title":"Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism","volume":"369","author":"Hokusai","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310907","article-title":"Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"369","author":"Giugliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012883","article-title":"Investigators, low-dose edoxaban in very elderly patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"383","author":"Okumura","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601747","article-title":"Extended thromboprophylaxis with betrixaban in acutely ill medical patients","volume":"375","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502000","article-title":"Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal","volume":"373","author":"Pollack","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707278","article-title":"Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal - full cohort analysis","volume":"377","author":"Pollack","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.10079","article-title":"Availability of specific direct oral anticoagulant reversal agents in US hospitals","volume":"4","author":"Kanjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.053","article-title":"2020 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on management of bleeding in patients on oral anticoagulants: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee","volume":"76","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1510991","article-title":"Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity","volume":"373","author":"Siegal","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814051","article-title":"Full study report of andexanet alfa for bleeding associated with Factor Xa inhibitors","volume":"380","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1586\/17474086.2016.1135046","article-title":"Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor related anticoagulation","volume":"9","author":"Ghadimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13227","article-title":"When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15820","article-title":"Leveraging genetic predictors of factor XI levels to anticipate results from clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Daghlas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022792","article-title":"Genetically determined FXI (factor XI) levels and risk of stroke","volume":"49","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735971","article-title":"The association between factor XI deficiency and the risk of bleeding, cardiovascular, and venous thromboembolic events","volume":"122","author":"Sharman Moser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00872-4","article-title":"Factor XI inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease and a high risk of bleeding: a cautionary tale","volume":"20","author":"Gigante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-742262","article-title":"Factor XI deficiency is associated with lower risk for cardiovascular and venous thromboembolism events","volume":"129","author":"Preis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.06.010","article-title":"Factor XI inhibition to uncouple thrombosis from hemostasis: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"78","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.943738","article-title":"Intrinsic coagulation activation and the risk of arterial thrombosis in young women: results from the Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in relation to Oral contraceptives (RATIO) case-control study","volume":"122","author":"Siegerink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1159\/000297966","article-title":"Novel hemostatic factor levels and risk of ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"29","author":"Suri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-120139","article-title":"Reduced incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with severe factor XI deficiency","volume":"111","author":"Salomon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2113194","article-title":"Milvexian for the prevention of venous thromboembolism","volume":"385","author":"Weitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105872","article-title":"Abelacimab for prevention of venous thromboembolism","volume":"385","author":"Verhamme","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2406674","article-title":"Abelacimab versus rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"392","author":"Ruff","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2026.02.020","article-title":"LIBREXIA Program Executive Council. Rationale for the milvexian dosing in the phase 3 LIBREXIA program","volume":"24","author":"Weitz","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/esj\/aakaf017","article-title":"Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of participants in the OCEANIC-STROKE trial of FXIa inhibition for secondary stroke prevention","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2025.02.011","article-title":"Investigators, Oral factor xia inhibitor milvexian after a recent acute coronary syndrome: rationale and design of the phase 3 (Librexia ACS)","volume":"285","author":"Gibson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2410295","article-title":"Abelacimab in cancer-associated thrombosis: the right drug at the right time for the right purpose. A comprehensive review","volume":"24","author":"Fioretti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407105","article-title":"Investigators, asundexian versus apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"392","author":"Piccini","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.903029","article-title":"Factor XI inhibitors for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism: a review on the rationale and update on current evidence","volume":"9","author":"Nopp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074037","article-title":"Abelacimab versus rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation on antiplatelet therapy: a prespecified analysis of the AZALEA-TIMI 71 trial","volume":"152","author":"Al Said","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198212303072704","article-title":"Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis","volume":"307","author":"Hull","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005033221802","article-title":"Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis","volume":"322","author":"Hull","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113697","article-title":"Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism","volume":"368","author":"Schulman","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004450","article-title":"Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with dabigatran or warfarin and pooled analysis","volume":"129","author":"Schulman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1006885","article-title":"Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement","volume":"363","author":"Lassen","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Thrombosis Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049384826001726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0049384826001726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:45:57Z","timestamp":1784133957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0049384826001726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":156,"alternative-id":["S0049384826001726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753","relation":{},"ISSN":["0049-3848"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0049-3848","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A short history of anticoagulant therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Thrombosis Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.thromres.2026.109753","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109753"}}